Protected areas (PAs) are our principal conservation strategy and are evolving rapidly, but we know little about the real-world management and governance of new forms. We review the evolution of Madagascar's PA system from 2003 to 2016 based on our experience as practitioners involved. During this period PA coverage quadrupled and the network of strict, centrally-governed protected areas expanded to include sites characterized by: i) multiple-use management models in which sustainable extractive natural resource uses are permitted, ii) shared governance arrangements involving non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local community associations, and iii) a management emphasis on livelihood-based approaches and social safeguards. We discuss the principal challenges for the effectiveness of the expanded system and detail management/policy responses. These include i) enhancing stakeholder participation, ii) ensuring financial sustainability, iii) enforcing rules, iv) ensuring the ecological sustainability of PAs faced with permitted resource extraction, v) reducing the natural resource dependence of local communities through transformative livelihood change, and vi) developing long-term visions to reconcile the differing objectives of conservation NGOs and other stakeholders. In general PAs have had limited effectiveness in reducing deforestation and other threats, which may be related to their rapid establishment processes and the complexity of management towards multiple objectives, coupled with insufficient resources. While Madagascar's achievements provide a basis for conserving the country's biodiversity, the challenge faced by its protected areas will continue to grow.

中文翻译：

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马达加斯加保护区系统的迅速扩张

保护区（PA）是我们的主要保护战略，并且正在迅速发展，但我们对新形式的现实管理和治理知之甚少。我们根据从业者的经验回顾了2003年至2016年马达加斯加公共广播系统的演变。在此期间，保护区覆盖范围翻了两番，严格的中央管理保护区网络扩大到包括具有以下特征的地点：i) 允许可持续开采自然资源的多用途管理模式，ii) 涉及非政府组织的共同治理安排组织（非政府组织）和当地社区协会，以及 iii) 管理层强调基于生计的方法和社会保障。我们讨论了扩展系统有效性的主要挑战以及详细的管理/政策响应。其中包括 i) 加强利益相关者的参与，ii) 确保财务可持续性，iii) 执行规则，iv) 确保在允许资源开采的保护区的生态可持续性，v) 通过变革性的生计改变减少当地社区对自然资源的依赖，以及 vi) ）制定长期愿景，以协调保护非政府组织和其他利益相关者的不同目标。总体而言，保护区在减少森林砍伐和其他威胁方面的有效性有限，这可能与其快速建立过程和实现多个目标的管理复杂性以及资源不足有关。虽然马达加斯加的成就为保护该国的生物多样性奠定了基础，但其保护区面临的挑战将继续加剧。