Abstract Mastic incrustation sculptures were used to decorate different types of objects by filling the marble incisions with an impasto containing materials such as crushed pottery, glass or rock fragments, possibly in combination with organic substances, and was employed both in Byzantine and Occidental areas. From the 11th century onwards these sculptures are applied in important churches such as San Marco in Venice (Italy), but, despite their widespread use and conservation problems, the composition of these amalgams has never been thoroughly studied. Here we present the results of the examination of the mastic encrustations present on the medieval marble panels and precious cathedra in the San Nicola church of Bari (Italy). The matrix was analysed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Organic binders were found and, in particular, the occurrence of heated Pinaceae resin, as well as of beeswax was assessed. The inclusions, including different types of rock, carbon black and opaque glass fragments, were characterised with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was carried out on both inclusions and matrix.

中文翻译：

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中世纪乳香结壳雕塑的多技术表征

摘要 乳香结垢雕塑被用来装饰不同类型的物体，通过用含有碎陶、玻璃或岩石碎片等材料（可能与有机物质结合）填充大理石切口来装饰不同类型的物体，并在拜占庭和西方地区都有使用。从 11 世纪起，这些雕塑被应用于威尼斯（意大利）的圣马可等重要教堂，但是，尽管它们被广泛使用并存在保护问题，但从未对这些汞合金的成分进行过彻底的研究。在这里，我们展示了对巴里（意大利）圣尼古拉教堂的中世纪大理石面板和珍贵大教堂上的乳香外壳的检查结果。用傅里叶变换红外光谱和热解气相色谱-质谱法分析基质。发现了有机粘合剂，特别是评估了加热的松科树脂以及蜂蜡的出现。用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和粉末 X 射线衍射对包裹体进行了表征，包括不同类型的岩石、炭黑和不透明玻璃碎片。对夹杂物和基质进行显微拉曼光谱。