Antipsychotics are the drugs most often involved in drug poisoning cases, and therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary for safe and effective medication administration of these drugs. In this study, a coffee ring effect-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (CRE-SERS) method was developed and successfully used to monitor antipsychotic poisoning by using urine samples for the first time. The established method exhibited excellent SERS performance since more hot spots were obtained in the "coffee ring". Using the optimized CRE-SERS method, the sensitivity was improved one order more than that of the conventional method with reasonable reproducibility. The antipsychotic drug clozapine (CLO) spiked into urine samples at 0.5-50 μg mL-1 was quantitatively detected, at concentrations above the thresholds for toxicity. The CRE-SERS method allowed CLO and its metabolites to be ultimately distinguished from real poisoning urine samples. The coffee-ring effect would provide more opportunities for practical applications of the SERS-based method. The frequent occurrence of drug poisoning may have created a new area for the application of the CRE-SERS method. It is anticipated that the developed method will also have great potential for other drug poisoning monitoring.

中文翻译：

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基于咖啡环效应的表面增强拉曼光谱法监测尿中氯氮平抗精神病药物中毒

抗精神病药是药物中毒案件中最常涉及的药物，因此，治疗药物监测 (TDM) 对于安全有效地给药这些药物是必要的。本研究开发了一种基于咖啡环效应的表面增强拉曼光谱（CRE-SERS）方法，并首次通过尿液样本成功地用于监测抗精神病药物中毒。所建立的方法表现出优异的 SERS 性能，因为在“咖啡环”中获得了更多的热点。使用优化后的 CRE-SERS 方法，灵敏度比传统方法提高了一个数量级，重现性合理。定量检测到以 0.5-50 μg mL-1 掺入尿样中的抗精神病药物氯氮平 (CLO)，其浓度高于毒性阈值。CRE-SERS 方法允许最终将 CLO 及其代谢物与真正的中毒尿样区分开来。咖啡环效应将为基于 SERS 的方法的实际应用提供更多机会。药物中毒事件的频繁发生，可能为CRE-SERS方法的应用开辟了新的领域。预计所开发的方法对于其他药物中毒监测也有很大的潜力。