Supercapacitors, also known as electrochemical capacitors, have witnessed a fast evolution in the recent years, but challenges remain. This review covers the fundamentals and state-of-the-art developments of supercapacitors. Conventional and novel electrode materials, including high surface area porous carbons for electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) and transition metal oxides, carbides, nitrides and their various nanocomposites for pseudocapacitors – are described. Latest characterization techniques help to better understand the charge storage mechanisms in such supercapacitors and recognize their current limitations, while recently proposed synthesis approaches enable various breakthroughs in this field.

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超级电容器材料：当锂电池电量不足时

超级电容器，也称为电化学电容器，近年来发展迅速，但挑战依然存在。这篇综述涵盖了超级电容器的基本原理和最先进的发展。描述了传统和新型电极材料，包括用于双电层电容器 (EDLC) 的高表面积多孔碳和用于赝电容器的过渡金属氧化物、碳化物、氮化物及其各种纳米复合材料。最新的表征技术有助于更好地了解此类超级电容器中的电荷存储机制并认识到它们目前的局限性，而最近提出的合成方法使该领域的各种突破成为可能。