We introduce an enhanced nanoengineered ionic-covalent entanglement (NICE) bioink for the fabrication of mechanically stiff and elastomeric 3D biostructures. NICE bioink formulations combine nanocomposite and ionic-covalent entanglement (ICE) strengthening mechanisms to print customizable cell-laden constructs for tissue engineering with high structural fidelity and mechanical stiffness. Nanocomposite and ICE strengthening mechanisms complement each other through synergistic interactions, improving mechanical strength, elasticity, toughness, and flow properties beyond the sum of the effects of either reinforcement technique alone. Herschel-Bulkley flow behavior shields encapsulated cells from excessive shear stresses during extrusion. The encapsulated cells readily proliferate and maintain high cell viability over 120 days within the 3D-printed structure, which is vital for long-term tissue regeneration. A unique aspect of the NICE bioink is its ability to print much taller structures, with higher aspect ratios, than can be achieved with conventional bioinks without requiring secondary supports. We envision that NICE bioinks can be used to bioprint complex, large-scale, cell-laden constructs for tissue engineering with high structural fidelity and mechanical stiffness for applications in custom bioprinted scaffolds and tissue engineered implants.

中文翻译：

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用于3D生物打印的纳米工程离子共价缠结（NICE）生物墨水

我们介绍了一种增强的纳米工程离子共价缠结（NICE）生物墨水，用于制造机械刚性和弹性3D生物结构。NICE生物墨水配方结合了纳米复合材料和离子共价缠结（ICE）增强机制，可以印刷具有组织高保真度和机械刚度的可自定义的含细胞构建体，用于组织工程。纳米复合材料和ICE的增强机制通过协同相互作用相互补充，从而提高了机械强度，弹性，韧性和流动性，而这两种增强技术都不单独发挥作用。Herschel-Bulkley的流动行为可以保护封装的细胞免受挤压过程中的过度剪切应力的影响。在3D打印的结构内，封装的细胞可以在120天之内轻松增殖并保持高细胞活力，这对于长期组织再生至关重要。NICE生物墨水的一个独特方面是，它可以打印出更高的结构，具有更高的纵横比，这比传统的生物墨水无需二级支撑即可实现。我们设想NICE生物墨水可用于生物打印组织工程的复杂，大规模，充满细胞的结构，具有高结构保真度和机械刚度，可用于定制生物打印支架和组织工程植入物。比传统的生物墨水无需辅助支撑即可达到的效果。我们设想NICE生物墨水可用于生物打印组织工程的复杂，大规模，充满细胞的结构，具有高结构保真度和机械刚度，可用于定制生物打印支架和组织工程植入物。不需要传统的生物墨水就能达到的效果。我们设想NICE生物墨水可用于生物打印组织工程的复杂，大规模，充满细胞的结构，具有高结构保真度和机械刚度，可用于定制生物打印支架和组织工程植入物。