Atherosclerosis commences with the trapping of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) in blood vessels by modified proteoglycans (PGs) with hyperelongated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. GAG chain synthesis and growth factor mediated hyperelongation regulates the composition and size of PGs in a manner that would cause low density lipoprotein (LDLs) retention in vessel wall. Galactosaminoglycans are a class of GAGs, commonly observed on PGs. Multiple enzymes are involved in galactosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Galactosaminoglycan synthesis is regulated by various signalling pathways which are amenable to pharmacological manipulation to treat atherosclerosis. Receptor mediated signalling pathways including protein tyrosine kinase receptors (PTKRs), serine/threonine kinase receptors (S/TKRs) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) pathways regulate galactosaminoglycan synthesizing enzyme expression. Increased expression of these enzymes modify galactosaminoglycan chain structure by making them hyperelongated. This review focuses on the signalling pathways regulating the expression of genes involved in galactosaminoglycan synthesis and modification. Furthermore, there are multiple other processes for inhibiting the interactions between LDL and galactosaminoglycans such as peptide mimetics of ApoB100 and anti-galactosaminoglycan antibodies and the therapeutic potential of these strategies is also addressed.

动脉粥样硬化始于通过具有超长糖胺聚糖（GAG）链的修饰蛋白聚糖（PG）捕获血管中的低密度脂蛋白（LDL）。GAG链合成和生长因子介导的过度伸长以可能导致血管壁中低密度脂蛋白（LDL）滞留的方式调节PG的组成和大小。半乳糖胺聚糖是一类GAG，通常在PG上观察到。半乳糖氨基聚糖的生物合成涉及多种酶。半乳糖氨基聚糖的合成受各种信号通路的调节，这些信号通路可通过药理学方法治疗动脉粥样硬化。受体介导的信号通路包括蛋白酪氨酸激酶受体（PTKR），丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶受体（S / TKRs）和G蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs）途径调节半乳糖氨基聚糖合成酶的表达。这些酶的表达增加，使半乳糖胺聚糖链结构超长，从而改变了它们的结构。这篇综述着重于调节参与半乳糖胺聚糖合成和修饰的基因表达的信号传导途径。此外，还有多种其他方法可抑制LDL和半乳糖氨基聚糖之间的相互作用，例如ApoB100的肽模拟物和抗半乳糖氨基聚糖抗体，并且还探讨了这些策略的治疗潜力。这篇综述着重于调节参与半乳糖胺聚糖合成和修饰的基因表达的信号传导途径。此外，还有多种其他方法可抑制LDL和半乳糖氨基聚糖之间的相互作用，例如ApoB100的肽模拟物和抗半乳糖氨基聚糖抗体，并且还探讨了这些策略的治疗潜力。这篇综述着重于调节参与半乳糖胺聚糖合成和修饰的基因表达的信号传导途径。此外，还有多种其他方法可抑制LDL和半乳糖氨基聚糖之间的相互作用，例如ApoB100的肽模拟物和抗半乳糖氨基聚糖抗体，并且还探讨了这些策略的治疗潜力。