Heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family, has been widely used as an anticoagulant drug for decades and remains the most commonly used parenteral anticoagulant in adults and children. However, heparin has important clinical limitations and is derived from animal sources which pose significant safety and supply problems. The ever growing shortage of the raw material for heparin manufacturing may become a very significant issue in the future. These global limitations have prompted much research, especially following the recent well‐publicized contamination scandal, into the development of alternative anticoagulants derived from non‐animal and/or totally synthetic sources that mimic the structural features and properties of heparin. Such compounds, termed heparin mimetics, are also needed as anticoagulant materials for use in biomedical applications (e.g., stents, grafts, implants etc.). This review encompasses the development of heparin mimetics of various structural classes, including synthetic polymers and non‐carbohydrate small molecules as well as sulfated oligo‐ and polysaccharides, and fondaparinux derivatives and conjugates, with a focus on developments in the past 10 years.

中文翻译：

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具有抗凝活性的肝素模拟物

肝素，一种属于糖胺聚糖家族的硫酸化多糖，数十年来已被广泛用作抗凝药物，并且仍然是成人和儿童中最常用的肠胃外抗凝剂。然而，肝素具有重要的临床局限性并且源自动物来源，这构成了重大的安全性和供应问题。肝素生产原料的日益短缺可能在未来成为一个非常重要的问题。这些全球性局限性促使人们进行了很多研究，尤其是在最近广为人知的污染丑闻之后，开发了替代性抗凝剂，这些替代性抗凝剂源自非动物和/或完全合成的来源，它们模仿了肝素的结构特征和特性。这类化合物称为肝素模拟物，还需要将其用作生物医学应用中的抗凝材料（例如，支架，移植物，植入物等）。这篇综述涵盖了各种结构类别的肝素模拟物的开发，包括合成聚合物和非碳水化合物小分子以及硫酸化的寡糖和多糖，以及磺达肝素衍生物和结合物，重点是过去十年的发展。