While the main conservation strategy has been the establishment of government-controlled protected areas (PAs), approaches have diversified over the last decades, including devolving management rights to non-government actors, such as through conservation concessions (CCs). This review assesses the environmental and social impacts of PAs and CCs in South America. Recent studies show positive environmental impacts overall, especially in terms of avoided deforestation. Meanwhile social impacts are more diverse and contested, yet remain less studied. Whilst CCs address some social shortcomings of PAs, they exhibit their own institutional and political challenges. This review highlights a need to broaden the measures of effectiveness and pay more attention to the diverse impacts of PAs and CCs and the factors influencing them, including governance and political aspects.

尽管主要的保护战略是建立政府控制的保护区，但在过去的几十年中，方法已经多样化，包括将管理权下放给非政府行为者，例如通过保护特许权（CC）。这项评估评估了南美的PA和CC的环境和社会影响。最近的研究表明总体上对环境有积极影响，特别是在避免毁林方面。同时，社会影响更加多样化和争议性，但研究较少。CCs解决了PAs的一些社会缺陷，但它们也表现出自身的制度和政治挑战。此次审查着重指出，有必要扩大有效性的衡量标准，并更多地关注PA和CC的各种影响以及影响它们的因素，