Wallachian (shepherd) colonisation of the upper parts of Carpathians, the second largest mountain range in Europe, provides a unique opportunity to study human-induced ecological changes and subsequent sediment mobilisation within slope and fluvial systems. The Wallachians came to the nearly pristine landscape in the Czech part of the Western Carpathians during the 16–17th Century bringing large scale deforestation and grazing to the upper parts of its ridges. Despite the importance of this event, there is a lack of high-resolution multi-proxy reconstructions to help to decipher the relative influence of anthropogenic and climate factors on this landscape. Here we provide a ca. 2.1 kyr record obtained from a peat bog where, using chronological, sedimentological and pollen analyses, we were able to differentiate between environmental conditions before, during and after colonisation. Prior to colonisation, climate deterioration following the onset of Little Ice Age caused changes in forest composition and erosion events (causing a ~AD 0–1500 gap in the record). Abrupt human-induced deforestation detected in the pollen record, together with the abundant fine-grained minerogenic content of peat deposits between AD ~1640 and AD 1870, correspond to increased runoff and sheet erosion on slopes; enhanced by Little Ice Age climate deterioration. The sedimentary record in alluvial deposits downstream indicates that the colonisation of the mountain slopes in this region not only had a local effect on soil degradation, but it also increased the net aggradation of overbank deposits within valley floors. After reforestation, net aggradation was replaced by river incision into alluvia.

中文翻译：

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泥炭沼泽和冲积沉积物揭示了 16 和 17 世纪西喀尔巴阡山脉（捷克共和国）殖民化期间的土地退化

欧洲第二大山脉喀尔巴阡山脉上部的瓦拉几亚（牧羊人）殖民为研究人为引起的生态变化以及随后斜坡和河流系统内的沉积物动员提供了独特的机会。瓦拉几亚人在 16 至 17 世纪来到西喀尔巴阡山脉捷克部分近乎原始的景观，在山脊的上部带来了大规模的森林砍伐和放牧。尽管这一事件很重要，但仍缺乏高分辨率的多代理重建来帮助破译人为和气候因素对这一景观的相对影响。在这里，我们提供了一个 ca。2.1 从泥炭沼泽获得的 kyr 记录，其中使用年代学、沉积学和花粉分析，我们能够区分殖民之前、期间和之后的环境条件。在殖民之前，小冰河时代开始后的气候恶化导致森林组成和侵蚀事件的变化（导致记录中出现 ~AD 0-1500 的差距）。在花粉记录中检测到的突然的人为砍伐，以及公元 1640 年至公元 1870 年间泥炭沉积物中丰富的细粒矿物成分，对应于斜坡上径流和土壤侵蚀的增加；小冰河时代气候恶化加剧。下游冲积沉积物的沉积记录表明，该地区山坡的殖民化不仅对土壤退化产生了局部影响，而且还增加了谷底内河岸沉积物的净加积。重新造林后，