Pharmaceuticals are environmental contaminants that have been widely detected in aquatic media. In this review, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, its major causes, and implications along with effective procedures for their removal from contaminated water have been studied. Adsorption stands out as a promising treatment method, since it offers advantages such as lower energy consumption and simpler operation conditions in comparison to other tertiary treatments. Although commercial activated carbon is extensively studied as an adsorbent of pharmaceuticals, its large-scale application is limited by the high costs. Therefore, different nonconventional low-cost materials have been investigated and adsorbents based on clays, biochars, chitosan, agricultural and industrial wastes, and metal–organic frameworks have been addressed in many studies for pharmaceuticals uptake from water and wastewater. This article reviews key publications on this subject, discussing adsorption performance in terms of kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics, continuous fixed-bed process, regeneration capability, and historical, economical, and practical aspects.

中文翻译：

---

使用非常规低成本材料从水和废水中吸附药物的研究进展

药物是在水生介质中被广泛检测到的环境污染物。在这篇综述中，研究了药物在环境中的发生，主要原因，影响以及从污染水中去除药物的有效程序。吸附是一种很有前途的处理方法，因为与其他三次处理相比，它具有诸如降低能耗和简化操作条件等优点。尽管对商业用活性炭作为药物的吸附剂进行了广泛的研究，但其大规模应用受到高成本的限制。因此，已经研究了各种非常规低成本材料，并基于粘土，生物炭，壳聚糖，农业和工业废料，许多关于水和废水中药物吸收的研究都涉及到金属和有机物的框架。本文回顾了有关该主题的主要出版物，从动力学，平衡，热力学，连续固定床工艺，再生能力以及历史，经济和实践等方面讨论了吸附性能。