Undisturbed outdoor lysimeters containing arable loamy sand soil were used to examine the influence of either heavy rain events (high frequency of high rain intensity), steady rain (continuous rainfall of low rain intensity), and natural rainfall on the transport and retention of surfactant-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNP). In addition, the AgNP–soil associations within the A_p horizon were analyzed by means of particle-size fractionation, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled with UV/Vis-detection and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (AF4-UV/Vis-ICP-MS), and transmission electron microscopy coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray (TEM-EDX) analyzer. The results showed that AgNP breakthrough for all rain events was less than 0.1% of the total AgNP mass applied, highlighting that nearly all AgNP were retained in the soil. Heavy rain treatment and natural rainfall revealed enhanced AgNP transport within the A_p horizon, which was attributed to the high pore water flow velocities and to the mobilization of AgNP–soil colloid associations. Particle-size fractionation of the soil revealed that AgNP were present in each size fraction and therefore indicated strong associations between AgNP and soil. In particular, water-dispersible colloids (WDC) in the size range of 0.45–0.1 μm were found to exhibit high potential for AgNP attachment. The AF4-UV/Vis-ICP-MS and TEM-EDX analyses of the WDC fraction confirmed that AgNP were persistent in soil and associated to soil colloids (mainly composed of Al, Fe, Si, and organic matter). These results confirm the particularly important role of soil colloids in the retention and remobilization of AgNP in soil. Furthermore, AF4-UV/Vis-ICP-MS results indicated the presence of single, homo-aggregated, and small AgNP probably due to dissolution.

使用包含耕地壤土的不受干扰的室外测渗仪，来检查暴雨事件（高降雨强度的高频率），稳定降雨（低降雨强度的连续降雨）和自然降雨对表面活性剂的运输和保留的影响。稳定的银纳米颗粒（AgNP）。此外，AgNP – A _p内的土壤关联通过粒度分级，UV / Vis检测和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（AF4-UV / Vis-ICP-MS）耦合的不对称流场-流分级以及与能量耦合的透射电子显微镜对视野进行了分析-色散X射线（TEM-EDX）分析仪。结果表明，在所有降雨事件中，AgNP的突破量均不到所施用的AgNP总量的0.1％，这表明几乎所有的AgNP都保留在土壤中。大雨和自然降雨表明A _p内AgNP的运输增强地平线，这归因于高孔隙水流速和AgNP-土壤胶体缔合的动员。土壤的粒度分级显示，AgNP存在于每个粒度分级中，因此表明AgNP与土壤之间有很强的联系。特别是，发现水分散胶体（WDC）的大小范围为0.45-0.1μm，具有很高的附着AgNP的潜力。WDC组分的AF4-UV / Vis-ICP-MS和TEM-EDX分析证实，AgNP在土壤中具有持久性并与土壤胶体（主要由Al，Fe，Si和有机物组成）相关。这些结果证实了土壤胶体在AgNP在土壤中的保留和迁移中的特别重要的作用。此外，AF4-UV / Vis-ICP-MS结果表明存在单一的，均聚的，