We systematically reviewed research on cognitive training and neuromodulation interventions for reducing food craving/intake, unhealthy diet and weight, and discussed their mechanisms of action. We reviewed 50 studies involving six cognitive trainings: Approach and Attentional Bias Modification, Implementation Intentions, Response Inhibition, Episodic Future Thinking and Working Memory; and four neuromodulation approaches: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and Neurofeedback. Response Inhibition and Implementation Intentions have shown to reduce unhealthy diet and weight in people with overweight/obesity. Attentional Bias Modification has shown promising results in healthy-weight participants. Brain stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex via tDCS and the Hypothalamus via DBS showed benefits for reducing food craving and weight in people with overweight/obesity. Studies quality was generally high, but most trials were short-term and many conducted in healthy-weight samples. Modification of cognitive control and motivational processes/circuits are common mechanisms of beneficial training and neuromodulation interventions, and thus a promising approach for overweight/obesity treatment. Longer duration trials in clinical populations are needed to confirm benefits.

我们系统地回顾了有关认知训练和神经调节干预措施以减少食物渴望/摄入量，不健康饮食和体重的研究，并讨论了它们的作用机理。我们回顾了涉及六项认知训练的50项研究：方法和注意偏向的改变，实施意图，反应抑制，情节性未来思维和工作记忆；以及四种神经调节方法：经颅磁刺激（TMS），经颅直流电刺激（tDCS），深部脑刺激（DBS）和神经反馈。抑制反应和实施意图已表明，可以减少超重/肥胖症患者的不健康饮食和体重。注意偏差修正在健康体重参与者中显示出可喜的结果。通过tDCS对大脑后外侧前额叶皮层的刺激以及通过DBS对下丘脑的刺激显示，对于减轻超重/肥胖人群的食物渴望和体重减轻具有益处。研究质量通常很高，但是大多数试验是短期的，许多试验都是在健康体重的样本中进行的。认知控制和动机过程/回路的修改是有益训练和神经调节干预的常见机制，因此是超重/肥胖症治疗的一种有前途的方法。需要在临床人群中进行更长时间的试验以证实其益处。认知控制和动机过程/回路的修改是有益训练和神经调节干预的常见机制，因此是超重/肥胖症治疗的一种有前途的方法。需要在临床人群中进行更长时间的试验以证实其益处。认知控制和动机过程/回路的修改是有益训练和神经调节干预的常见机制，因此是超重/肥胖症治疗的一种有前途的方法。需要在临床人群中进行更长时间的试验以证实其益处。