Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that serve as mediators for intercellular communication through the delivery of cargo, including protein, lipids, nucleic acids or other cellular components, to neighboring or distant cells. Exosomal cargo may vary in response to different physiological or pathological conditions. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) family has been widely accepted as a key mechanism in biogenesis and cargo sorting. On the other hand, accumulating evidence show that ESCRT-independent pathways exist. Due to the critical role of exosomes in intercellular communications in delivering cargo to recipient cells, exosomes have been investigated as a vector for the delivery of endogenous or exogenous cargo for therapeutic purposes. But the number of exosomes produced by cells is limited, which hampers their application. Synthetic exosome-mimics have been fabricated and investigated as a therapeutic tool for drug delivery. This review focuses on ESCRT-independent regulation of cargo loading into exosomes, including lipid raft and ceramide-mediated mechanisms, and reported exosomes or exosome-mimics with therapeutic effects.

中文翻译：

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外泌体货物装载和合成外泌体模拟物作为潜在的治疗工具。


外泌体是纳米大小的囊泡，通过将蛋白质、脂质、核酸或其他细胞成分等物质递送至邻近或远处的细胞，充当细胞间通讯的介质。外泌体货物可能因不同的生理或病理条件而异。运输所需的内体分选复合体（ESCRT）家族已被广泛认为是生物发生和货物分选的关键机制。另一方面，越来越多的证据表明存在不依赖于 ESRT 的途径。由于外泌体在细胞间通讯中将货物递送至受体细胞中的关键作用，外泌体已被研究作为用于治疗目的递送内源或外源货物的载体。但细胞产生的外泌体数量有限，这阻碍了其应用。合成的外泌体模拟物已被制造并研究作为药物递送的治疗工具。本综述重点关注外泌体中货物装载的ESCRT独立调节，包括脂筏和神经酰胺介导的机制，并报道了具有治疗作用的外泌体或外泌体模拟物。