This study aimed to evaluate the effect of kenaf seed oil (KSO), kenaf seed oil-in-water macroemulsion (KSOM), kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions (KSON), and emulsifier mixtures (EM) on serum lipid profile, liver oxidative status, and histopathological changes in high-cholesterol fed rats. Stability and characteristic of KSOM and KSON were carried out prior to in vivo study. Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups (6 rats each) and induced hypercholesterolemia by feeding high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 14 days prior to treatments. Different treatments were introduced on day 15 to 29 while supplemented with HCD and removal of HCD during treatment on day 30 to 43, except for HCD group. Body weight and serum lipid profiles were measured at 3 different points: after hypercholesterolemia was induced, on day 29, and at the end of the experiment. Relative liver weight, atherogenic index, coronary risk index, and fecal total bile acids were also determined at the end of experiment. KSON showed significantly higher stability than KSOM and FTIR exhibited good encapsulation of KSO after 1.5 years of storage. Serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid peroxidation levels in HCD group without treatment were significantly higher compared to normal control group and all treatment groups. All samples demonstrated hypocholesterolemic effect, but KSON exhibited higher efficiency in cholesterol-lowering properties, weight control and decreased liver fat as confirmed by histopathological evaluation. The overall results revealed that the efficacy of different treatments was in descending order of KSON, KSO, KSOM, and EM. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsion (KSON) has the potential to be used as a natural alternative to the synthetic hypocholesterolemic drug in the future. However, larger sample size and clinical trial are needed to confirm on this potential application. In addition, treatment with KSON was suggested to prevent cardiovascular disease and fatty liver.

中文翻译：

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红麻籽油、大乳液和纳米乳液对高胆固醇饮食诱导的大鼠的降胆固醇作用

本研究旨在评估红麻种子油 (KSO)、红麻种子水包油粗乳液 (KSOM)、红麻种子水包油纳米乳液 (KSON) 和乳化剂混合物 (EM) 对血清脂质谱的影响，高胆固醇喂养大鼠的肝脏氧化状态和组织病理学变化。在体内研究之前进行了 KSOM 和 KSON 的稳定性和特性。将 42 只 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠分为 7 组（每组 6 只大鼠），在治疗前 14 天通过喂食高胆固醇饮食 (HCD) 诱导高胆固醇血症。除HCD组外，在第15-29天引入不同的治疗，并在第30-43天治疗期间补充HCD和去除HCD。在 3 个不同的时间点测量体重和血脂谱：在诱发高胆固醇血症后，第 29 天，并在实验结束时。在实验结束时还测定了相对肝脏重量、动脉粥样硬化指数、冠状动脉风险指数和粪便总胆汁酸。KSON 表现出明显高于 KSOM 的稳定性，FTIR 在储存 1.5 年后表现出对 KSO 的良好封装。HCD未治疗组血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脂质过氧化水平显着高于正常对照组和所有治疗组。所有样品均表现出降胆固醇作用，但 KSON 在降低胆固醇特性、控制体重和减少肝脏脂肪方面表现出更高的效率，这已通过组织病理学评估得到证实。总体结果表明，不同处理的疗效按KSON、KSO、KSOM和EM的降序排列。实际应用 红麻种子水包油纳米乳 (KSON) 有可能在未来用作合成降胆固醇药物的天然替代品。然而，需要更大的样本量和临床试验来确认这种潜在的应用。此外，建议用 KSON 治疗以预防心血管疾病和脂肪肝。