Abstract Across the planet, interacting threats are converging in urban areas beset with pressures brought on by global processes such as urbanization and climate change, and the challenges of creating water, energy and food (WEF) security for their populations. With an increased probability of floods and other extremes, goes a heightened potential for cascading effects as WEF security is at risk from an array of tightly bound interdependencies undergirding the WEF nexus. Such interdependencies heighten risk for generalized disruptions, as, for instance, when heavy precipitation triggers a breakdown of transportation infrastructure, leading to failures in energy generation, and provision of food and water. In this paper, we apply a framework to examine how interdependent WEF infrastructural systems mediate the risks that climate extremes pose to urban WEF security. Given that urban WEF security often hinges on dynamics that take place in regions outside city boundaries, we also examine the effect of this dependence on urban FEW security risk. We compare the pre- and post-event governance and infrastructural conditions shaping WEF security in four cities: Boulder Colorado and New York (USA) illustrative of WEF security risks posed by low probability high impact extreme events; and Accra (Ghana) and Mexico City (Mexico), illustrative of governance and infrastructural arrangements that can fail even under low risk high probability extreme events. We find that complex technological and governance failures can amplify negative impacts from extremes. Conversely, institutional actions and infrastructural supports can mitigate these impacts. By understanding interdependencies, cities can anticipate and avoid cascading effects on WEF systems. We reflect on how commonalities and differences in sociodemographic, economic, technological, environmental, and governance configurations relate to different capacities to mitigate risks and adapt.

中文翻译：

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从城市风险到世界经济论坛安全：相互依存的基础设施系统的影响

摘要 在全球范围内，相互影响的威胁正在城市地区集中，城市地区受到城市化和气候变化等全球进程带来的压力，以及为其人口创造水、能源和粮食 (WEF) 安全的挑战。随着洪水和其他极端事件发生的可能性增加，产生连锁效应的可能性增加，因为世界经济论坛的安全面临着支撑世界经济论坛关系的一系列紧密结合的相互依存关系的风险。这种相互依赖性增加了普遍中断的风险，例如，当强降水引发交通基础设施崩溃时，导致能源生产以及食物和水供应出现故障。在本文中，我们应用一个框架来研究相互依存的世界经济论坛基础设施系统如何调节极端气候对城市世界经济论坛安全构成的风险。鉴于城市 WEF 安全通常取决于发生在城市边界以外地区的动态，我们还研究了这种依赖对城市 FEW 安全风险的影响。我们比较了四个城市影响世界经济论坛安全的事前和事后治理和基础设施条件：科罗拉多州博尔德和纽约（美国）说明了低概率高影响极端事件造成的世界经济论坛安全风险；阿克拉（加纳）和墨西哥城（墨西哥），说明了即使在低风险高概率极端事件下也可能失败的治理和基础设施安排。我们发现复杂的技术和治理失败会放大极端情况的负面影响。反过来，体制行动和基础设施支持可以减轻这些影响。通过了解相互依存关系，城市可以预测并避免对世界经济论坛系统的连锁影响。我们反思社会人口、经济、技术、环境和治理配置的共性和差异如何与减轻风险和适应的不同能力相关。