Inhibition in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is mediated by multiple types of GABAergic interneurons with distinct biophysical properties and connectivity patterns (Tremblay and others 2016). In addition to preventing runaway excitation of recurrently connected excitatory cells, inhibition is instrumental for multiple basic brain functions such as spike timing, generation of oscillatory activity, control of synaptic plasticity, as well as adjustment of response gain and offset in sensory systems. In order to ensure efficient synaptic inhibition via chloride-permeable GABA_A (GABA_ARs) and glycine (GlyRs) receptors, adult CNS neurons actively maintain a low intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl^-]_in). This is not the case for most immature neurons (Kirmse and others 2011). Rather, developing nerve cells typically have a low Cl^- extrusion capacity that favors membrane depolarization on Cl^- channel opening. A growing body of evidence suggests that depolarizing responses to GABA_AR activation are required for the activity-dependent refinement of cortical neural circuits. Accordingly, altered GABA actions might contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders.

中文翻译：

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脑发育过程中的GABA能传递：在多个阶段的多重影响

成年中枢神经系统（CNS）的抑制作用由多种类型的具有独特生物物理特性和连通性模式的GABA能中间神经元介导（Tremblay等，2016）。除了防止反复连接的兴奋性细胞失控兴奋外，抑制作用还有助于多种基本的脑功能，例如尖峰时间，振荡活动的产生，突触可塑性的控制以及感觉系统中响应增益和偏移的调节。为了确保经由氯化物透过性GABA高效突触抑制_阿（GABA_甲RS）和甘氨酸（：GlyRS）受体，成人CNS神经元积极维持低的细胞内氯化物浓度（[氯^- ]_中）。对于大多数未成熟的神经元而言并非如此（Kirmse等人，2011）。相反，开发神经细胞通常具有低氯^-挤出容量有利于Cl为膜去极化^-通道开口。越来越多的证据表明，皮层神经回路的活性依赖性精制需要对GABA _A R激活的去极化反应。因此，改变的GABA作用可能有助于神经发育障碍的病理生理。