In this Review article, we systematically summarize the design and applications of various kinds of long-lived emissive probes for bioimaging and biosensing via time-resolved photoluminescence techniques. The probes reviewed, including lanthanides, transition-metal complexes, organic dyes, carbon and silicon nanoparticles, metal clusters, and persistent phosphores, exhibit longer luminescence lifetimes than that of autofluorescence from biological tissue and organs. When these probes are internalized into living cells or animals, time-gated photoluminescence imaging selectively collects long-lived signals for intensity analysis, while photoluminescence lifetime imaging reports the decay details of each pixel. Since the long-lived signals are differentiated from autofluorescence in the time domain, the imaging contrast and sensing sensitivity are remarkably improved. The future prospects and challenges in this rapidly growing field are addressed.

中文翻译：

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时间分辨的光致发光生物成像和生物传感的长寿命发射探针。

在这篇综述文章中，我们通过时间分辨光致发光技术系统地总结了用于生物成像和生物传感的各种长寿命发射探针的设计和应用。所审查的探针，包括镧系元素，过渡金属络合物，有机染料，碳和硅纳米粒子，金属簇以及持久性磷光体，比生物组织和器官的自发荧光具有更长的发光寿命。当这些探针被内化到活细胞或动物体内时，时间门控光致发光成像选择性地收集了长寿命的信号以进行强度分析，而光致发光寿命成像则报告了每个像素的衰减细节。由于长时信号在时域上与自发荧光区分开来，成像对比度和感测灵敏度显着提高。解决了这个快速增长领域中的未来前景和挑战。