Based on traditional electronic, X-ray, and optical microscopies, novel tools and methodologies have been developed to monitor batteries in situ or in operando. This review surveys the recent development of several types of in situ and in operando microscopy and their utilization in studying batteries. The article is organized mainly by the in situ and in operando techniques used (X-ray microscopy, electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, etc.) rather than the chemical reactions that govern battery behavior. We compare different methodologies to illustrate their advantages and disadvantages in the study of different systems and problems and, at the end of the article, discuss generalized principles for the selection of methodologies and possible future directions.

基于传统的电子，X射线和光学显微镜，已经开发出新颖的工具和方法来监测原位或操作中的电池。这篇综述调查了几种原位和手术显微镜的最新发展及其在研究电池中的利用。这篇文章主要是由原位和操作组织的使用的技术（X射线显微镜，电子显微镜，扫描探针显微镜等），而不是控制电池行为的化学反应。我们将比较不同的方法论，以说明它们在研究不同系统和问题时的优缺点，并在本文结尾处，讨论选择方法论的一般性原则和可能的未来方向。