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Anatomy of aphasia revisited
Brain ( IF 14.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-01-17 , DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx363
Julius Fridriksson 1 , Dirk-Bart den Ouden 1 , Argye E Hillis 2, 3 , Gregory Hickok 4 , Chris Rorden 5 , Alexandra Basilakos 1 , Grigori Yourganov 5 , Leonardo Bonilha 6
Affiliation  

In most cases, aphasia is caused by strokes involving the left hemisphere, with more extensive damage typically being associated with more severe aphasia. The classical model of aphasia commonly adhered to in the Western world is the Wernicke-Lichtheim model. The model has been in existence for over a century, and classification of aphasic symptomatology continues to rely on it. However, far more detailed models of speech and language localization in the brain have been formulated. In this regard, the dual stream model of cortical brain organization proposed by Hickok and Poeppel is particularly influential. Their model describes two processing routes, a dorsal stream and a ventral stream, that roughly support speech production and speech comprehension, respectively, in normal subjects. Despite the strong influence of the dual stream model in current neuropsychological research, there has been relatively limited focus on explaining aphasic symptoms in the context of this model. Given that the dual stream model represents a more nuanced picture of cortical speech and language organization, cortical damage that causes aphasic impairment should map clearly onto the dual processing streams. Here, we present a follow-up study to our previous work that used lesion data to reveal the anatomical boundaries of the dorsal and ventral streams supporting speech and language processing. Specifically, by emphasizing clinical measures, we examine the effect of cortical damage and disconnection involving the dorsal and ventral streams on aphasic impairment. The results reveal that measures of motor speech impairment mostly involve damage to the dorsal stream, whereas measures of impaired speech comprehension are more strongly associated with ventral stream involvement. Equally important, many clinical tests that target behaviours such as naming, speech repetition, or grammatical processing rely on interactions between the two streams. This latter finding explains why patients with seemingly disparate lesion locations often experience similar impairments on given subtests. Namely, these individuals’ cortical damage, although dissimilar, affects a broad cortical network that plays a role in carrying out a given speech or language task. The current data suggest this is a more accurate characterization than ascribing specific lesion locations as responsible for specific language deficits.

中文翻译:

失语症的解剖学

在大多数情况下,失语症是由涉及左半球的中风引起的,更广泛的损害通常与更严重的失语症有关。西方世界普遍遵循的经典失语症模型是Wernicke-Lichtheim模型。该模型已经存在了一个多世纪,而无症状症状的分类仍然依赖于该模型。但是,已经制定了大脑中语音和语言本地化的更为详细的模型。在这方面,Hickok和Poeppel提出的皮质大脑组织的双流模型特别有影响。他们的模型描述了两条处理路径,即背侧流和腹侧流,分别大致支持正常受试者的语音产生和语音理解。尽管双流模型在当前的神经心理学研究中具有很强的影响力,但在该模型的背景下,对解释失语症状的关注相对有限。鉴于双流模型代表了皮层语音和语言组织的细微差别,因此导致失语障碍的皮层损伤应清楚地映射到双处理流上。在这里,我们对以前的工作进行了后续研究,该研究使用了病灶数据来揭示支持语音和语言处理的背侧和腹侧流的解剖边界。具体而言,通过强调临床措施,我们检查了涉及背侧和腹侧水流的皮质损伤和断连对无视性障碍的影响。结果表明,运动言语障碍的措施主要涉及对背流的损害,而言语理解能力受损的措施与腹侧流受累的相关性更大。同样重要的是,许多针对行为的临床测试,例如命名,语音重复或语法处理,都依赖于两个流之间的相互作用。后一个发现解释了为什么病灶位置似乎相差悬殊的患者在给定的子测试中经常经历类似的损伤。即,这些人的皮层损害虽然不尽相同,但会影响广泛的皮层网络,而这些网络在执行给定的语音或语言任务中发挥着作用。当前数据表明,与将特定病变部位归因于特定语言缺陷相比,这是一种更准确的表征。而言语理解受损的措施与腹侧气流受累更紧密相关。同样重要的是,许多针对行为的临床测试,例如命名,语音重复或语法处理,都依赖于两个流之间的相互作用。后一个发现解释了为什么病灶位置似乎相差悬殊的患者在给定的子测试中经常会遭受类似的损伤。即,这些人的皮层损害虽然不尽相同,但会影响广泛的皮层网络,而这些网络在执行给定的语音或语言任务中发挥着作用。当前数据表明,与将特定病变部位归因于特定语言缺陷相比,这是一种更准确的表征。而言语理解受损的措施与腹侧气流受累更紧密相关。同样重要的是,许多针对行为的临床测试,例如命名,语音重复或语法处理,都依赖于两个流之间的相互作用。后一个发现解释了为什么病灶位置似乎相差悬殊的患者在给定的子测试中经常会遭受类似的损伤。即,这些人的皮层损害虽然不尽相同,但会影响广泛的皮层网络,而这些网络在执行给定的语音或语言任务中发挥着作用。当前数据表明,与将特定病变部位归因于特定语言缺陷相比,这是一种更准确的表征。同样重要的是,许多针对行为的临床测试,例如命名,语音重复或语法处理,都依赖于两个流之间的相互作用。后一个发现解释了为什么病灶位置似乎相差悬殊的患者在给定的子测试中经常会遭受类似的损伤。即,这些人的皮层损害虽然不尽相同,但会影响广泛的皮层网络,而这些网络在执行给定的语音或语言任务中发挥着作用。当前数据表明,与将特定病变部位归因于特定语言缺陷相比,这是一种更准确的表征。同样重要的是,许多针对行为的临床测试,例如命名,语音重复或语法处理,都依赖于两个流之间的相互作用。后一个发现解释了为什么病灶位置似乎相差悬殊的患者在给定的子测试中经常经历类似的损伤。即,这些人的皮层损害虽然不尽相同,但会影响广泛的皮层网络,而这些网络在执行给定的语音或语言任务中发挥着作用。当前数据表明,与将特定病变部位归因于特定语言缺陷相比,这是一种更准确的表征。后一个发现解释了为什么病灶位置似乎相差悬殊的患者在给定的子测试中经常会遭受类似的损伤。即,这些人的皮层损害虽然不尽相同,但会影响广泛的皮层网络,而这些网络在执行给定的语音或语言任务中发挥着作用。当前数据表明,与将特定病变部位归因于特定语言缺陷相比,这是一种更准确的表征。后一个发现解释了为什么病灶位置似乎相差悬殊的患者在给定的子测试中经常会遭受类似的损伤。即,这些人的皮层损害虽然不尽相同,但会影响广泛的皮层网络,而这些网络在执行给定的语音或语言任务中发挥着作用。当前数据表明,与将特定病变部位归因于特定语言缺陷相比,这是一种更准确的表征。
更新日期:2018-01-17
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