The DARK Side of Total Synthesis: Strategies and Tactics in Psychoactive Drug Production,ACS Chemical Neuroscience

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The DARK Side of Total Synthesis: Strategies and Tactics in Psychoactive Drug Production
ACS Chemical Neuroscience ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2018-01-17 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00528
Schuyler A Chambers ₁ , Jenna M DeSousa ₁ , Eric D Huseman ₁ , Steven D Townsend _{1,

2}

Affiliation

Humankind has used and abused psychoactive drugs for millennia. Formally, a psychoactive drug is any agent that alters cognition and mood. The term “psychotropic drug” is neutral and describes the entire class of substrates, licit and illicit, of interest to governmental drug policy. While these drugs are prescribed for issues ranging from pain management to anxiety, they are also used recreationally. In fact, the current opioid epidemic is the deadliest drug crisis in American history. While the topic is highly politicized with racial, gender, and socioeconomic elements, there is no denying the toll drug mis- and overuse is taking on this country. Overdose, fueled by opioids, is the leading cause of death for Americans under 50 years of age, killing ca. 64,000 people in 2016. From a chemistry standpoint, the question is in what ways, if any, did organic chemists contribute to this problem? In this targeted review, we provide brief historical accounts of the main classes of psychoactive drugs and discuss several foundational total syntheses that ultimately provide the groundwork for producing these molecules in academic, industrial, and clandestine settings.

中文翻译：

全合成的阴暗面：精神活性药物生产的策略和策略

人类使用和滥用精神药物已有数千年历史。从形式上来说，精神活性药物是指任何改变认知和情绪的药物。 “精神药物”一词是中性的，描述了政府毒品政策感兴趣的所有合法和非法基质。虽然这些药物用于治疗从疼痛管理到焦虑等一系列问题，但它们也可用于娱乐目的。事实上，当前的阿片类药物流行病是美国历史上最致命的毒品危机。虽然这个话题高度政治化，涉及种族、性别和社会经济因素，但不可否认的是，毒品滥用和过度使用正在给这个国家造成损失。阿片类药物导致的过量用药是 50 岁以下美国人死亡的主要原因，导致约 10 万人死亡。 2016 年有 64,000 人。从化学的角度来看，问题是有机化学家以什么方式（如果有的话）对这个问题做出了贡献？在这篇有针对性的综述中，我们提供了主要类别精神活性药物的简要历史记录，并讨论了几种基本的全合成，最终为在学术、工业和秘密环境中生产这些分子奠定了基础。

更新日期：2018-01-17

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