In the past few years, organic–inorganic metal halide ABX₃ perovskites (A = Rb, Cs, methylammonium, formamidinium (FA); B = Pb, Sn; X = Cl, Br, I) have rapidly emerged as promising materials for photovoltaic applications. Tuning the film morphology by various deposition techniques and additives is crucial to achieve solar cells with high performance and long‐term stability. In this work, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) containing functional groups are added to the perovskite precursor solution for fabrication of fluorine‐doped tin oxide/TiO₂/perovskite/spiro‐OMeTAD/gold devices. With the addition of CNPs, the perovskite films are thermally more stable, contain larger grains, and become more hydrophobic. NMR experiments provide strong evidence that the functional groups of the CNPs interact with FA cations already in the precursor solution. The fabricated solar cells show a power‐conversion efficiency of 18% and negligible hysteresis.

中文翻译：

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高性能钙钛矿太阳能电池中的碳纳米颗粒

在过去的几年中，有机-无机金属卤化物ABX ₃钙钛矿（A = Rb，Cs，甲基铵，甲ami（FA）； B = Pb，Sn； X = Cl，Br，I）迅速成为有前途的光伏材料应用程序。通过各种沉积技术和添加剂来调节薄膜的形貌对于获得具有高性能和长期稳定性的太阳能电池至关重要。在这项工作中，将含有官能团的碳纳米颗粒（CNP）添加到钙钛矿前体溶液中，以制造氟掺杂的氧化锡/ TiO ₂/ perovskite / spiro-OMeTAD /黄金设备。通过添加CNP，钙钛矿薄膜在热方面更稳定，包含更大的晶粒并变得更疏水。NMR实验提供了有力的证据，表明CNP的官能团与前体溶液中已经存在的FA阳离子相互作用。制成的太阳能电池的功率转换效率为18％，磁滞可忽略不计。