Mitochondria play a crucial role in neuronal function, especially in energy production, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and calcium signaling. Multiple lines of evidence have suggested the possible involvement of mitochondrial deficits in major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. This review will outline the current understanding of the physiological role of mitochondria and their dysfunction under pathological conditions, particularly in psychiatric disorders. The current knowledge about mitochondrial deficits in these disorders is somewhat limited because of the lack of effective methods to dissect dynamic changes in functional deficits that are directly associated with psychiatric conditions. Human neuronal cell model systems have been dramatically developed in recent years with the use of stem cell technology, and these systems may be key tools for overcoming this dilemma and improving our understanding of the dynamic changes in the mitochondrial deficits in patients with psychiatric disorders. We introduce recent discoveries from new experimental models and conclude the discussion by referring to future perspectives. We emphasize the significance of combining studies of human neuronal cell models with those of other experimental systems, including animal models.

中文翻译：

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精神疾病中线粒体的动态变化：来自人类神经元模型的新机制见解

线粒体在神经元功能中发挥着至关重要的作用，特别是在能量产生、活性氧的产生和钙信号传导方面。多种证据表明线粒体缺陷可能与精神分裂症和双相情感障碍等主要精神疾病有关。这篇综述将概述目前对线粒体生理作用及其在病理条件下功能障碍的理解，特别是在精神疾病中。目前对这些疾病中线粒体缺陷的了解有些有限，因为缺乏有效的方法来剖析与精神疾病直接相关的功能缺陷的动态变化。近年来，随着干细胞技术的使用，人类神经元细胞模型系统得到了显着发展，这些系统可能是克服这一困境并提高我们对精神疾病患者线粒体缺陷动态变化的理解的关键工具。我们介绍新实验模型的最新发现，并通过参考未来的观点来结束讨论。我们强调将人类神经元细胞模型的研究与其他实验系统（包括动物模型）的研究相结合的重要性。