Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) make effective use of ion injection from an electrolyte to modulate the bulk conductivity of an organic semiconductor channel. The coupling between ionic and electronic charges within the entire volume of the channel endows OECTs with high transconductance compared with that of field-effect transistors, but also limits their response time. The synthetic tunability, facile deposition and biocompatibility of organic materials make OECTs particularly suitable for applications in biological interfacing, printed logic circuitry and neuromorphic devices. In this Review, we discuss the physics and the mechanism of operation of OECTs, focusing on their identifying characteristics. We highlight organic materials that are currently being used in OECTs and survey the history of OECT technology. In addition, form factors, fabrication technologies and applications such as bioelectronics, circuits and memory devices are examined. Finally, we take a critical look at the future of OECT research and development.

有机电化学晶体管（OECT）有效利用电解质中的离子注入来调节有机半导体通道的整体电导率。与场效应晶体管相比，沟道整个体积内离子电荷和电子电荷之间的耦合使OECT具有更高的跨导性，但同时也限制了它们的响应时间。有机材料的合成可调性，易沉积性和生物相容性使OECT特别适用于生物接口，印刷逻辑电路和神经形态设备中的应用。在这篇评论中，我们讨论OECTs的物理原理和运行机理，重点是它们的识别特征。我们重点介绍了当前在OECTs中使用的有机材料，并概述了OECT技术的历史。此外，研究了外形尺寸，制造技术和应用，例如生物电子，电路和存储设备。最后，我们对OECT研究和开发的未来进行批判性研究。