Beetles (Coleoptera) are the most diverse and species-rich group of insects, and a robust, time-calibrated phylogeny is fundamental to understanding macroevolutionary processes that underlie their diversity. Here we infer the phylogeny and divergence times of all major lineages of Coleoptera by analyzing 95 protein-coding genes in 373 beetle species, including ~67% of the currently recognized families. The subordinal relationships are strongly supported as Polyphaga (Adephaga (Archostemata, Myxophaga)). The series and superfamilies of Polyphaga are mostly monophyletic. The species-poor Nosodendridae is robustly recovered in a novel position sister to Staphyliniformia, Bostrichiformia, and Cucujiformia. Our divergence time analyses suggest that the crown group of extant beetles occurred ~297 million years ago (Mya) and that ~64% of families originated in the Cretaceous. Most of the herbivorous families experienced a significant increase in diversification rate during the Cretaceous, thus suggesting that the rise of angiosperms in the Cretaceous may have been an 'evolutionary impetus' driving the hyperdiversity of herbivorous beetles.

中文翻译：

---

通过对基因和物种的广泛采样揭示了鞘翅目的进化历史。


甲虫（鞘翅目）是最多样化、物种最丰富的昆虫类群，强大的、经过时间校准的系统发育对于理解其多样性背后的宏观进化过程至关重要。在这里，我们通过分析 373 个甲虫物种（包括目前公认的约 67% 的科）的 95 个蛋白质编码基因，推断了鞘翅目所有主要谱系的系统发育和分化时间。从属关系被强烈支持为Polyphaga (Adephaga (Archostemata, Myxophaga))。多食动物的系列和总科大多是单系的。物种稀少的Nosodendridae在与Staphyliniformia、Bostrichiformia和Cucujiformia姐妹相似的新位置中得到了强有力的恢复。我们的分歧时间分析表明，现存甲虫的冠群发生在约 2.97 亿年前 (Mya)，约 64% 的科起源于白垩纪。大多数食草科在白垩纪经历了多样化率的显着增加，因此表明白垩纪被子植物的兴起可能是推动食草甲虫高度多样性的“进化动力”。