Abstract The present study investigates the feasibility of synthesis of environmentally benign heterogeneous carbonaceous catalyst and biodiesel production from a single source i.e. Mesua ferrea Linn (MFL) seeds. The study primarily focuses on the optimisation of biodiesel synthesis process considering four parameters viz. reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol to oil ratio (M/O). The parametric influence on the free fatty acid (FFA) conversion has been studied to evaluate the most significant parameters. The contribution factor and analysis of variance results reveal that temperature is the most significant parameter influencing the FFA conversion followed by reaction time and catalyst content. The optimum conditions observed for maximum FFA conversion of 95.57% were: temperature 55 °C, time 2 h, catalyst content 10 wt% and M/O 6:1. The physico-chemical properties of the produced Mesua ferrea oil methyl ester (MFOME) were analysed following ASTM standard methods and found to be within limit; and compatible with the conventional diesel. Thus, the study suggests that the MFL seeds could be a promising source for the synthesis of an effective heterogeneous catalyst; and eco-friendly energy efficient sustainable fuel through the concept of green chemistry by converting waste into valuable commodity towards mitigation of increased energy demand.

中文翻译：

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使用废壳衍生碳催化剂从 Mesua ferrea 油合成生物柴油

摘要 本研究调查了从单一来源即 Mesua ferrea Linn (MFL) 种子合成环境友好的非均相碳质催化剂和生物柴油生产的可行性。该研究主要侧重于考虑四个参数的生物柴油合成过程的优化。反应时间、温度、催化剂负载量和甲醇油比 (M/O)。已经研究了对游离脂肪酸 (FFA) 转化率的参数影响，以评估最重要的参数。贡献因子和方差分析结果表明，温度是影响 FFA 转化率的最重要参数，其次是反应时间和催化剂含量。观察到的最大 FFA 转化率为 95.57% 的最佳条件是：温度 55 °C，时间 2 h，催化剂含量 10 wt%，M/O 6:1。按照 ASTM 标准方法分析了生产的 Mesua ferrea 油甲酯 (MFOME) 的理化性质，发现在限制范围内；并与传统柴油兼容。因此，该研究表明 MFL 种子可能是合成有效多相催化剂的有希望的来源；通过绿色化学概念将废物转化为有价值的商品，以减少能源需求的增加，从而开发出环保节能的可持续燃料。该研究表明，MFL 种子可能是合成有效多相催化剂的有希望的来源；通过绿色化学概念将废物转化为有价值的商品，以减少能源需求的增加，从而开发出环保节能的可持续燃料。该研究表明，MFL 种子可能是合成有效多相催化剂的有希望的来源；通过将废物转化为有价值的商品，以减少能源需求的增加，通过绿色化学的概念开发环保节能的可持续燃料。