The widespread detection of antibiotics in the environment is concerning because antibiotics are designed to be effective at small doses. The objective of this work was to quantify the accumulation rates of antibiotics used by humans and animals, spanning several major antibiotic classes (sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides), in Minnesota lake-sediment cores. Our goal was to determine temporal trends, the major anthropogenic source to these lacustrine systems, and the importance of natural production. A historical record of usage trends for ten human and/or animal-use antibiotics (four sulfonamides, three fluoroquinolones, one macrolide, trimethoprim, and lincomycin) was faithfully captured in the sediment cores. Nine other antibiotics were not detected. Ofloxacin, trimethoprim, sulfapyridine, and sulfamethazine were detected in all of the anthropogenically-impacted studied lakes. Maximum sediment fluxes reached 20.5 ng cm^− 2 yr^− 1 (concentration 66.1 ng/g) for ofloxacin, 1.2 ng cm^− 2 yr^− 1 (1.2 ng/g) for trimethoprim, 3.3 ng cm^− 2 yr^− 1 (11.3 ng/g) for sulfapyridine, and 1.0 ng cm^− 2 yr^− 1 (1.6 ng/g) for sulfamethazine, respectively. Natural production of lincomycin may have occurred in one lake at fluxes ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 ng cm^− 2 yr^− 1 (0.1 to 5.8 ng/g). Wastewater effluent appears to be the primary source of antibiotics in the studied lakes, with lesser inputs from agricultural activities.

由于抗生素被设计为小剂量有效，因此环境中抗生素的广泛检测备受关注。这项工作的目的是量化人类和动物所使用的抗生素在明尼苏达州湖沉积物核心中的几种主要抗生素类别（磺胺类，四环素类，氟喹诺酮类和大环内酯类）的累积速率。我们的目标是确定时间趋势，这些湖相系统的主要人为来源以及自然生产的重要性。十个人类和/或动物使用的抗生素（四种磺酰胺，三种氟喹诺酮，一种大环内酯，甲氧苄啶和林可霉素）的使用趋势的历史记录被忠实地记录在沉积物中。未检测到其他九种抗生素。氧氟沙星，甲氧苄啶，磺胺吡啶，在所有人为影响的研究湖泊中都检测到了草胺和磺胺二甲嘧啶。最大泥沙通量达到20.5 纳克 厘米^{-  2} 年^{-  1}（浓度66.1 纳克/克）为氧氟沙星，1.2 纳克 厘米^{-  2} 年^{-  1}（1.2 纳克/克）为甲氧苄啶，3.3 纳克 厘米^{-  2} 年^{-  1}（11.3 纳克/克）为磺胺吡啶磺胺二甲嘧啶分别为1.0  ng  cm ^{-  2}  yr ^{-  1}（1.6  ng / g）。自然生产的林可霉素可能会发生在一个湖在通量为0.4〜1.8 毫微克 厘米^{-  2} 年^- 1（0.1至5.8  ng / g）。在所研究的湖泊中，废水似乎是抗生素的主要来源，而农业活动的投入却较少。