Food preferences and dietary habits are heavily influenced by taste perception. There is growing interest in characterizing taste preferences based on genetic variation. Genetic differences in the ability to perceive key tastes may impact eating behavior and nutritional intake. Therefore, increased understanding of taste biology and genetics may lead to new personalized strategies, which may prevent or influence the trajectory of chronic disease risk. Recent advances show that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CD36 fat taste receptor are linked to differences in fat perception, fat preference, and chronic-disease biomarkers. Genetic variation in the sweet taste receptor T1R2 has been shown to alter sweet taste preferences, eating behaviors, and risk of dental caries. Polymorphisms in the bitter taste receptor T2R38 have been shown to influence taste for brassica vegetables. Individuals that intensely taste the bitterness of brassica vegetables (“supertasters”) may avoid vegetable consumption and compensate by increasing their consumption of sweet and fatty foods, which may increase risk for chronic disease. Emerging evidence also suggests that the role of genetics in taste perception may be more impactful in children due to the lack of cultural influence compared to adults. This review examines the current knowledge of SNPs in taste receptors associated with fat, sweet, bitter, umami, and salt taste modalities and their contributions to food preferences, and chronic disease. Overall, these SNPs demonstrate the potential to influence food preferences and consequently health.

中文翻译：

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味觉受体中的单核苷酸多态性，饮食行为与健康之间的关联性综述

食物的口味和饮食习惯在很大程度上受味觉的影响。基于遗传变异来表征口味偏好的兴趣日益浓厚。感知关键口味能力的遗传差异可能会影响饮食行为和营养摄入。因此，对味觉生物学和遗传学的更多了解可能会导致新的个性化策略，从而可能预防或影响慢性病风险的轨迹。最新进展表明，CD36脂肪味觉受体中的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与脂肪感知，脂肪偏好和慢性疾病生物标志物的差异有关。甜味受体T1R2的遗传变异已显示出可改变甜味偏好，进食行为和龋齿风险。已经显示苦味受体T2R38中的多态性影响芸苔属蔬菜的味道。强烈尝尝芸苔类蔬菜（“超级风味食品”）苦味的人可能会避免食用蔬菜，并通过增加甜食和高脂食物的摄入来弥补这种不足，这可能会增加患上慢性病的风险。新兴证据还表明，与成年人相比，由于缺乏文化影响，遗传学在味觉感知中的作用可能对儿童更具影响。这篇综述检查了与脂肪，甜味，苦味，鲜味和盐味形式有关的味觉受体中SNPs的当前知识，以及它们对食物偏好和慢性病的贡献。总体而言，这些SNPs证明有可能影响食物偏好并因此影响健康。