Lithium (Li) metal is considered as the “holy grail” anode for high energy density batteries, but its applications in rechargeable Li metal batteries are still hindered by the formation of Li dendrites and low coulombic efficiency for Li plating/stripping. An effective strategy to stabilize Li metal is to embed a Li metal anode in a three‐dimensional (3D) current collector. Here, a highly porous 3D Ni substrate is reported to effectively stabilize a Li metal anode. By using a galvanostatic intermittent titration technique combined with scanning electron microscopy, the underlying mechanism of the improved stability of the Li metal anode is revealed. It is clearly demonstrated that the porous 3D Ni substrate can effectively suppress the formation of “dead” Li and support the generation of a dense surface passivation layer, while a highly porous “dead” Li layer is accumulated on the two‐dimensional (2D) Li metal, which eventually limits mass transport. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results further reveal the compositional differences in the solid‐electrolyte interphase layer formed on the Li metal embedded in the porous 3D Ni substrate and the 2D Li metal substrate. These results indicate that the use of 3D conductive host is critical for the long‐term stability of Li metal batteries.

中文翻译：

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通过使用3D多孔镍基底增强锂金属阳极的稳定性

锂（Li）被认为是高能量密度电池的“圣杯”阳极，但是由于锂枝晶的形成以及锂镀覆/剥离的库伦效率低，仍然阻碍了其在可充电锂金属电池中的应用。稳定锂金属的有效策略是将锂金属阳极嵌入三维（3D）集电器中。在此，据报道高度多孔的3D Ni基板可有效地稳定锂金属阳极。通过使用恒电流间歇滴定技术与扫描电子显微镜相结合，揭示了提高锂金属阳极稳定性的潜在机理。清楚地表明，多孔3D Ni基板可有效抑制“死”锂的形成并支持致密表面钝化层的产生，而高度多孔的“死” Li层则堆积在二维（2D）Li金属上，这最终限制了质量传输。X射线光电子能谱结果进一步揭示了在嵌入多孔3D Ni衬底和2D Li金属衬底中的Li金属上形成的固体电解质中间相层的成分差异。这些结果表明，使用3D导电主体对于锂金属电池的长期稳定性至关重要。