A Simple Route to Porous Graphene from Carbon Nanodots for Supercapacitor Applications,Advanced Materials

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A Simple Route to Porous Graphene from Carbon Nanodots for Supercapacitor Applications
Advanced Materials ( IF 27.4 ) Pub Date : 2018-01-10 , DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704449
Volker Strauss _{1,

2} , Kris Marsh _{1,

2} , Matthew D. Kowal _{1,

2} , Maher El-Kady _{1,

2,

3} , Richard B. Kaner _{1,

2}

Affiliation

A facile method to convert biomolecule‐based carbon nanodots (CNDs) into high‐surface‐area 3D‐graphene networks with excellent electrochemical properties is presented. Initially, CNDs are synthesized by microwave‐assisted thermolysis of citric acid and urea according to previously published protocols. Next, the CNDs are annealed up to 400 °C in a tube furnace in an oxygen‐free environment. Finally, films of the thermolyzed CNDs are converted into open porous 3D turbostratic graphene (3D‐ts‐graphene) networks by irradiation with an infrared laser. Based upon characterizations using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, a feasible reaction mechanism for both the thermolysis of the CNDs and the subsequent laser conversion into 3D‐ts‐graphene is presented. The 3D‐ts‐graphene networks show excellent morphological properties, such as a hierarchical porous structure and a high surface area, as well as promising electrochemical properties. For example, nearly ideal capacitive behavior with a volumetric capacitance of 27.5 mF L⁻¹ is achieved at a current density of 560 A L⁻¹, which corresponds to an energy density of 24.1 mWh L⁻¹ at a power density of 711 W L⁻¹. Remarkable is the extremely fast charge–discharge cycling rate with a time constant of 3.44 ms.

中文翻译：

从超级电容器应用中的碳纳米点到多孔石墨烯的简单方法

提出了一种简便的方法来将基于生物分子的碳纳米点（CND）转换为具有出色电化学性能的高表面积3D石墨烯网络。最初，根据先前公布的方案，通过微波辅助柠檬酸和尿素的热解来合成CND。接下来，将CND在无氧环境下的管式炉中退火至400°C。最后，通过红外激光辐照，将经过热解的CND薄膜转化为开放的多孔3D涡轮层状石墨烯（3D-ts-石墨烯）网络。根据使用扫描电子显微镜，透射电子显微镜，X射线光电子能谱，X射线衍射，傅里叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱的表征，提出了一种可行的反应机理，既可用于CND的热解，也可用于随后的激光转化为3D-ts-石墨烯。3D-ts-石墨烯网络显示出出色的形态学特性，例如层级多孔结构和高表面积，以及有希望的电化学特性。例如，体积电容为27.5 mF L时，接近理想的电容特性^{- 1}在560 AL的电流密度来实现^{- 1}，其对应于24.1 mWh的升的能量密度^{- 1}在711 WL的功率密度^{- 1}。引人注目的是其极快的充放电循环速率，其时间常数为3.44 ms。

更新日期：2018-01-10

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