Low-dimensional materials and their hybrids have emerged as promising candidates for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and CO₂ conversion into useful molecules. Progress in synthetic methods for the production of catalysts coupled with a better understanding of the fundamental catalytic mechanisms has enabled the rational design of catalytic nanomaterials with improved performance and selectivity. In this Review, we analyse the state of the art in the implementation of low-dimensional nanomaterials and their van der Waals heterostructures for hydrogen evolution and CO₂ reduction by electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. We explore the mechanisms involved in both reactions and the different strategies to further optimize the activity, efficiency and selectivity of low-dimensional catalysts.

低维材料及其杂化物已经成为电催化和光催化制氢以及将CO ₂转化为有用分子的有前途的候选材料。用于生产催化剂的合成方法的进步以及对基本催化机理的更好理解使得能够合理设计具有改进的性能和选择性的催化纳米材料。在这篇综述中，我们分析了低维纳米材料及其范德华异质结构在氢释放和CO _{2实施中的最新技术}通过电催化和光催化还原。我们探索了反应和不同策略中涉及的机制，以进一步优化低维催化剂的活性，效率和选择性。