Abstract Cow urine has been shown to have useful applications in medicine and therapeutics. Indeed, many studies have shown that cow urine has the potential to cure various conditions, such as kidney and skin diseases. The current study demonstrated the effectiveness and cost efficiency of cow urine enhanced by encapsulating in cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs). The encapsulation process was aided by Tween-20 and olive oil through the microemulsion procedure. Scanning electron, transmission electron and atomic force microscopy revealed that the CNPs encapsulated cow urine were with the size range of 40 to 100 nm and agglomerated. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies revealed that various components known to exist in cow urine were also in the CNPs encapsulated cow urine. XPS analysis displays the presence of a single carbon between the atoms composed of two electrons in the CNPs. XRD result shows the most intense peak at 2θ = 32.14° and crystallinity. With FTIR on the encapsulated cow urine, a broad peak was observed in the range between 655 and 662.5 cm−1. The encapsulated cow urine exerted a good inhibitory activity toward Bacillus subtilis (11 ± 1.5 mm/50 μL) and Aspergillus niger compared to the cow urine alone, as well as a notable inhibition of Escherichia coli (17 ± 2.2 mm/50 μL). Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the antimicrobial properties of cow urine can be enhanced through microencapsulation, which may enable its efficient delivery.

中文翻译：

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纤维素纳米颗粒包裹牛尿可有效抑制病原体

摘要 牛尿已被证明在医学和治疗学中具有有用的应用。事实上，许多研究表明，牛尿具有治愈各种疾病的潜力，例如肾脏和皮肤病。目前的研究证明了通过包裹在纤维素纳米颗粒 (CNPs) 中来增强牛尿的有效性和成本效益。Tween-20 和橄榄油通过微乳液程序辅助封装过程。扫描电子、透射电子和原子力显微镜显示，包裹在牛尿中的 CNPs 的大小范围为 40 至 100 nm，并发生团聚。此外，X射线光电子能谱（XPS），X 射线粉末衍射 (XRD) 和傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 研究表明，已知存在于牛尿中的各种成分也存在于封装的牛尿中。XPS 分析显示 CNP 中由两个电子组成的原子之间存在单个碳。XRD 结果显示在 2θ = 32.14° 和结晶度处的峰最强。对封装的牛尿进行 FTIR，在 655 和 662.5 cm-1 之间的范围内观察到一个宽峰。与单独的牛尿相比，封装的牛尿对枯草芽孢杆菌 (11 ± 1.5 mm/50 μL) 和黑曲霉具有良好的抑制活性，并且对大肠杆菌有显着的抑制作用 (17 ± 2.2 mm/50 μL)。全面的，