In the past three decades, our understanding of brain-behavior relationships has been significantly shaped by research using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. These methods allow non-invasive and safe modulation of neural processes in the healthy brain, enabling researchers to directly study how experimentally altered neural activity causally affects behavior. This unique property of NIBS methods has, on the one hand, led to groundbreaking findings on the brain basis of various aspects of behavior and has raised interest in possible clinical and practical applications of these methods. On the other hand, it has also triggered increasingly critical debates about the properties and possible limitations of these methods. In this review, we discuss these issues, clarify the challenges associated with the use of currently available NIBS techniques for basic research and practical applications, and provide recommendations for studies using NIBS techniques to establish brain-behavior relationships.

中文翻译：

---

用非侵入性脑刺激研究和改善脑功能。

在过去的三十年中，使用非侵入性脑刺激（NIBS）技术进行的研究极大地影响了我们对脑与行为之间关系的理解。这些方法可对健康大脑中的神经过程进行非侵入性和安全调节，从而使研究人员能够直接研究实验性改变的神经活动如何对行为产生因果关系。NIBS方法的这一独特特性一方面在行为的各个方面导致了大脑方面的开创性发现，并引起了人们对这些方法可能在临床和实际应用中的兴趣。另一方面，它也引发了关于这些方法的特性和可能局限性的日益激烈的辩论。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了这些问题，