Lithium-ion batteries, simply known as lithium batteries, are distinct among high energy density charge-storage devices. The power delivery of batteries depends upon the electrochemical performances and the stability of the electrode, electrolytes and their interface. Interfacial phenomena of the electrode/electrolyte involve lithium dendrite formation, electrolyte degradation and gas evolution, and a semi-solid protective layer formation at the electrode–electrolyte interface, also known as the solid–electrolyte interface (SEI). The SEI protects electrodes from further exfoliation or corrosion and suppresses lithium dendrite formation, which are crucial needs for enhancing the cell performance. This review covers the compositional, structural and morphological aspects of SEI, both artificially and naturally formed, and metallic dendrites using in situ/in operando cells and various in situ analytical tools. Critical challenges and the historical legacy in the development of in situ/in operando electrochemical cells with some reports on state-of-the-art progress are particularly highlighted. The present compilation pinpoints the emerging research opportunities in advancing this field and concludes on the future directions and strategies for in situ/in operando analysis.

中文翻译：

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电池接口分析的原位分析技术

锂离子电池（简称为锂电池）在高能量密度的电荷存储设备中是与众不同的。电池的功率输送取决于电化学性能以及电极，电解质及其界面的稳定性。电极/电解质的界面现象包括锂枝晶形成，电解质降解和气体逸出，以及在电极-电解质界面（也称为固体-电解质界面（SEI））上形成的半固态保护层。SEI保护电极免于进一步剥落或腐蚀，并抑制锂枝晶的形成，这对于增强电池性能至关重要。这篇综述涵盖了人工和自然形成的SEI的组成，结构和形态方面，以及使用原位/手术室和各种原位分析工具。特别强调了原位/操作电化学电池开发中的严峻挑战和历史遗产，并提供了一些有关最新技术进展的报告。本汇编指出了在该领域取得进展的新兴研究机会，并总结了原位/操作分析的未来方向和策略。