We use activated carbon (AC) and titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanomaterials as the additives to prepare four polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based ultrafiltration membranes by nonsolvent induced phase separation. The surface properties (pore size, porosity, hydrophilicity and roughness) of the membranes are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurement, and atomic force microscopy. The chemical properties of the membranes are evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection and X-ray diffraction. All these additives can improve the surface hydrophilicity and water permeation flux of the membrane. However, the addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles (20–30 nm) results in larger surface porosities and pore sizes, which causes more severe membrane fouling compared with the neat PVDF membrane. The PVDF-AC membrane exhibits excellent fouling resistance. Particularly, the irreversible fouling after blending AC into PVDF reduces dramatically from 40% to 25%. The antifouling performance of the PVDF-AC membrane may result from the improved hydrophilicity and the favorable surface and structure properties of the membrane. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the antifouling function of AC in membrane preparation. This study suggests that AC could be a new type of nanomaterial for developing antifouling membranes.

我们使用活性炭（AC）和二氧化钛（TiO ₂）纳米材料作为添加剂，通过非溶剂诱导相分离制备了四种基于聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）的超滤膜。膜的表面性质（孔径，孔隙率，亲水性和粗糙度）通过扫描电子显微镜，水接触角测量和原子力显微镜表征。膜的化学性质通过具有衰减的全反射和X射线衍射的傅立叶变换红外光谱法进行评估。所有这些添加剂可以改善膜的表面亲水性和水渗透通量。但是，TiO _2的添加纳米颗粒（20–30 nm）导致较大的表面孔隙率和孔径，与纯PVDF膜相比，这会导致更严重的膜污染。PVDF-AC膜具有出色的抗污性。特别是，将AC混合到PVDF中后，不可逆的结垢从40％显着降低到25％。PVDF-AC膜的防污性能可能源于膜的改善的亲水性以及良好的表面和结构特性。据我们所知，这是AC在膜制备中的防污功能的首次展示。这项研究表明，AC可能是用于开发防污膜的新型纳米材料。