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Multiple system atrophy: experimental models and reality
Acta Neuropathologica ( IF 12.7 ) Pub Date : 2017-10-20 , DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1772-0
Cassia Overk , Edward Rockenstein , Elvira Valera , Nadia Stefanova , Gregor Wenning , Eliezer Masliah

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressing fatal synucleinopathy of the aging population characterized by parkinsonism, dysautonomia, and in some cases ataxia. Unlike other synucleinopathies, in this disorder the synaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), predominantly accumulates in oligodendroglial cells (and to some extent in neurons), leading to maturation defects of oligodendrocytes, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms through which α-syn deposits occur in oligodendrocytes and neurons in MSA are not completely clear. While some studies suggest that α-syn might transfer from neurons to glial cells, others propose that α-syn might be aberrantly overexpressed by oligodendroglial cells. A number of in vivo models have been developed, including transgenic mice overexpressing α-syn under oligodendroglial promoters (e.g.: MBP, PLP, and CNP). Other models have been recently developed either by injecting synthetic α-syn fibrils or brain homogenates from patients with MSA into wild-type mice or by using viral vectors expressing α-syn under the MBP promoter in rats and non-human primates. Each of these models reproduces some of the neuropathological and functional aspects of MSA; however, none of them fully replicate the spectrum of MSA. Understanding better the mechanisms of how α-syn accumulates in oligodendrocytes and neurons will help in developing better models that recapitulate various pathogenic aspects of MSA in combination with translatable biomarkers of early stages of the disease that are necessary to devise disease-modifying therapeutics for MSA.



中文翻译:

多系统萎缩:实验模型与现实

多系统萎缩症(MSA)是人口老化的快速发展的致命性突触核蛋白病,其特征为帕金森氏症,自主神经功能障碍,在某些情况下还包括共济失调。与其他突触核细胞病不同,在该疾病中,突触蛋白α-突触核蛋白(α-syn)主要在少突胶质细胞(一定程度上在神经元)中蓄积,导致少突胶质细胞的成熟缺陷,脱髓鞘和神经变性。MSA中少突胶质细胞和神经元中发生α-syn沉积的机制尚不完全清楚。虽然一些研究表明α-syn可能从神经元转移到神经胶质细胞,但其他研究表明α-syn可能被少突胶质细胞异常表达。已经开发出许多体内模型,包括在少突胶质神经启动子下过表达α-syn的转基因小鼠(例如:MBP,PLP和CNP)。最近已经通过将来自MSA患者的合成α-syn原纤维或脑匀浆注射到野生型小鼠中,或通过在大鼠和非人类灵长类动物中使用MBP启动子下表达α-syn的病毒载体开发了其他模型。这些模型中的每一个都再现了MSA的一些神经病理学和功能方面。但是,它们都没有完全复制MSA的谱图。更好地了解α-syn在少突胶质细胞和神经元中的蓄积机制,将有助于开发更好的模型,概括MSA的各种致病方面,并结合疾病早期的可翻译生物标记物,这对于设计可改变MSA病情的治疗方法是必不可少的。最近已经通过将来自MSA患者的合成α-syn原纤维或脑匀浆注射到野生型小鼠中,或通过在大鼠和非人灵长类动物中使用MBP启动子下表达α-syn的病毒载体开发了其他模型。这些模型均重现了MSA的一些神经病理学和功能方面;但是,它们都没有完全复制MSA的谱图。更好地了解α-syn在少突胶质细胞和神经元中的蓄积机制,将有助于开发更好的模型,概括MSA的各种致病方面,并结合疾病早期的可翻译生物标记物,这对于设计可改变MSA病情的治疗方法是必不可少的。最近已经通过将来自MSA患者的合成α-syn原纤维或脑匀浆注射到野生型小鼠中,或通过在大鼠和非人灵长类动物中使用MBP启动子下表达α-syn的病毒载体开发了其他模型。这些模型中的每一个都再现了MSA的一些神经病理学和功能方面。但是,它们都没有完全复制MSA的谱图。更好地了解α-syn在少突胶质细胞和神经元中的蓄积机制,将有助于开发更好的模型,概括MSA的各种致病方面,并结合疾病早期的可翻译生物标记物,这对于设计可改变MSA病情的治疗方法是必不可少的。

更新日期:2017-10-20
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