Abstract The assessment of effects of anthropogenic disturbance on biodiversity (BD) and ecosystem services (ES) and their relationships are key priorities of the Intergovernmental Panel for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Agricultural landscapes and their associated BD provide multiple ES and it is crucial to understand how relationships between ES and BD components change along gradients of landscape complexity. In this study, we related eight ES potentials to the species richness of five invertebrate, vertebrate and plant taxonomic groups in cereal farming systems. The landscape complexity gradient ranged from areas dominated by annually tilled arable land to areas with high proportions of unfertilized, non-rotational pastures and uncultivated field borders. We show that after accounting for landscape complexity relationships between yield and bird richness or biological control became more positive, but relationships between bird richness and biological control became less positive. The relationship between bird and plant richness turned from positive to negative. Multidiversity (overall biodiversity), was positively related to landscape complexity, whereas multifunctionality (overall ES provision), was not significantly related to either one of these. Our results suggest that multidiversity can be promoted by increasing landscape complexity; however; we found no support for a simultaneous increase of several individual ES, BD components or multifunctionality. These results challenge the assumption that biodiversity-friendly landscape management will always simultaneously promote multiple ES in agricultural landscapes. Future studies need to verify this pattern by using multi-year data, larger sets of ES and BD components and a study design that is appropriate to address larger spatial scales and relationships in several regions.

中文翻译：

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沿景观复杂度梯度的多种生物多样性成分与生态系统服务之间的关系

摘要 评估人为干扰对生物多样性 (BD) 和生态系统服务 (ES) 的影响及其关系是政府间生物多样性和生态系统服务专门委员会的关键优先事项。农业景观及其相关的 BD 提供了多个 ES，了解 ES 和 BD 组件之间的关系如何沿着景观复杂性的梯度变化至关重要。在这项研究中，我们将八个 ES 潜力与谷物种植系统中五个无脊椎动物、脊椎动物和植物分类群的物种丰富度相关联。景观复杂度梯度范围从以每年耕种的耕地为主的地区到未施肥、非轮作牧场和未开垦田界比例高的地区。我们表明，在考虑到景观复杂性后，产量与鸟类丰富度或生物控制之间的关系变得更加积极，但鸟类丰富度与生物控制之间的关系变得不那么积极。鸟类与植物丰富度之间的关系从正面转为负面。多样性（总体生物多样性）与景观复杂性呈正相关，而多功能性（总体 ES 提供）与其中任何一个都没有显着相关性。我们的研究结果表明，增加景观复杂性可以促进多样性；然而; 我们发现不支持同时增加多个单独的 ES、BD 组件或多功能性。这些结果挑战了生物多样性友好型景观管理将始终同时促进农业景观中的多种生态系统的假设。未来的研究需要通过使用多年数据、更大的 ES 和 BD 组件集以及适合解决多个地区更大空间尺度和关系的研究设计来验证这种模式。