Developing functional nanoagents for achieving the combination of microwave dynamic therapy (MDT) and microwave thermal therapy (MTT) is highly desirable due to the advantages of improving the therapeutic effect on tumors and minimizing the side effects. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as emerging porous materials, exhibit many intriguing properties for application in biomedicine. Herein, new-style flexible Mn-doped zirconium metal–organic framework (Mn-ZrMOF) nanocubes (NCs) with the average size of about 60 nm were prepared easily by a one-pot hydrothermal method. Due to the strong inelastic collision of ions confined in a large number of micropores, the Mn-ZrMOF NCs were demonstrated to be an effective microwave-sensitive agent with a high thermal conversion efficiency up to 28.7%, which is the highest one of the recently reported microwave-sensitive agents. This is the first report of determining the microwave thermal conversion efficiency, which can be used to evaluate, compare, and predict the microwave sensitivity of different microwave-sensitive agents. More importantly, such Mn-ZrMOF NCs generate abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) of hydroxyl radicals under microwave irradiation. As such, the Mn-ZrMOF NCs efficiently suppress the tumor cell growth in vivo and in vitro under mild microwave irradiation for the synergic effect of MTT and MDT. This work paves the way for developing nanoagents that are responsive to microwave irradiation, producing ROS and improving thermal effects to realize the noninvasive MTT and MDT treatment in clinics.

中文翻译：

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微波激活锰掺杂锆金属-有机骨架纳米立方体可有效结合微波动态和热疗法来治疗癌症。

由于改善了对肿瘤的治疗效果并且使副作用最小化的优点，非常需要开发用于实现微波动态疗法（MDT）和微波热疗法（MTT）的组合的功能纳米剂。金属有机骨架（MOF）作为新兴的多孔材料，在生物医学中具有许多吸引人的特性。在此，可以通过一锅水热法轻松地制备平均尺寸约为60 nm的新型柔性Mn掺杂锆金属-有机骨架（Mn-ZrMOF）纳米立方体（NCs）。由于限制在大量微孔中的离子发生强烈的非弹性碰撞，因此Mn-ZrMOF NCs被证明是一种有效的微波敏感剂，具有高达28.7％的高热转化效率，这是最近报道的对微波敏感的药物中最高的一种。这是确定微波热转换效率的第一份报告，可用于评估，比较和预测不同的微波敏感性试剂的微波敏感性。更重要的是，这种Mn-ZrMOF NCs在微波辐射下会产生大量的羟基自由基（ROS）。这样，Mn-ZrMOF NC可有效抑制肿瘤细胞的生长在温和的微波辐射下体内和体外对MTT和MDT的协同作用。这项工作为开发对微波辐射具有响应性，产生ROS并改善热效应的纳米剂铺平了道路，从而在临床上实现了无创MTT和MDT治疗。