Cancer is now one of the world's leading threats to human health. With the development of oncology in both biology and biomedicine, it has been demonstrated that abnormal physiochemical conditions and dysregulated biosynthetic intermediates in tumor microenvironment (TME) play a pivotal role in enabling tumor cells to defend or evade the damage by traditional clinical tumor therapeutics including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc. The fast advances of TME‐enabled theranostic nanomedicine have offered promising perspectives, strategies, and approaches for combating cancer based on the novel concept of TME‐enabled nanotherapy. In this comprehensive review, the origins of TME (e.g., enhanced permeability and retention effect, overexpressed biosynthetic intermediates, mild acidic nature, redox potentials, hypoxia) are initially introduced and discussed, followed by detailed discussion and overview on the state‐of‐the‐art progresses in TME‐enabled antitumor nanotherapies (e.g., chemo/chemodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy). Finally, the obstacles and challenges of future development on TME‐enabled nanotherapies for further clinical translation are outlooked.

中文翻译：

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启用肿瘤微环境的纳米疗法

癌症现在是对人类健康的全球主要威胁之一。随着生物学和生物医学领域肿瘤学的发展，已经证明，肿瘤微环境（TME）中异常的理化条件和生物合成中间体的失调在使肿瘤细胞能够通过传统的临床肿瘤疗法（包括外科手术）捍卫或规避损害中起着关键作用。 ，化学疗法，放射疗法等。基于TME的纳米治疗的新概念为基于TME的治疗学纳米药物的快速发展提供了令人鼓舞的前景，策略和方法。在这项全面的综述中，TME的起源（例如，增强的通透性和保留效果，过表达的生物合成中间体，温和的酸性，氧化还原电位，缺氧）的介绍和讨论，然后详细讨论和概述TME启用的抗肿瘤纳米疗法（例如化学/化学动力疗法，光动力疗法，放射疗法）的最新进展。最后，展望了在具有TME功能的纳米疗法上进行进一步临床翻译的未来发展所面临的障碍和挑战。