The safety and quality of infant milk, whether it is breast milk (BM) or infant formula (IF), are a major concern for parents and public health authorities. BM is recommended as the gold standard at WHO level. However, nowadays IF appears as an essential alternative in Western countries, challenging producers to optimize nutritional quality and safety of IF. The aim of the present article is to give an overview on the assessment and comparison of risks and benefits associated with BM and IF consumption. To date, this intensively debated subject has been mainly investigated. It has been shown that both diets could be sources of beneficial health effects in terms of nutrition and also risks in terms of chemical safety. Moreover, microbiologists have demonstrated that IF consumption can cause illness due to product contamination or inappropriate milk preparation. The article concludes on the bottlenecks and gaps that should be investigated to further progress the quantification of the impact of early diet on infant health. Performing a multi-disciplinary risk-benefit assessment with DALY as endpoint might be a future option to help prioritize management options.

中文翻译：

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与母乳和婴儿配方奶粉相关的公共健康风险和益处

母乳（母乳（BM）或婴儿配方奶（IF））的安全性和质量是父母和公共卫生当局的主要关注点。推荐将BM作为WHO标准的黄金标准。但是，如今中频在西方国家似乎已成为必不可少的替代品，这对生产者提出了挑战，以优化中频的营养质量和安全性。本文的目的是概述与BM和IF消费相关的风险和收益的评估和比较。迄今为止，已经对该主题进行了广泛讨论。已经表明，两种饮食在营养方面都可能是有益健康的来源，在化学安全方面也可能存在风险。而且，微生物学家已经证明，中频食用会由于产品污染或不适当的牛奶准备而引起疾病。文章总结了应进一步研究的瓶颈和差距，以进一步量化早期饮食对婴儿健康的影响。以DALY为终点进行多学科风险收益评估可能是将来有助于优先考虑管理方案的选择。