Rationale: There are several methods to measure cardiomyocyte and muscle contraction, but these require customized hardware, expensive apparatus, and advanced informatics or can only be used in single experimental models. Consequently, data and techniques have been difficult to reproduce across models and laboratories, analysis is time consuming, and only specialist researchers can quantify data.

Objective: Here, we describe and validate an automated, open-source software tool (MUSCLEMOTION) adaptable for use with standard laboratory and clinical imaging equipment that enables quantitative analysis of normal cardiac contraction, disease phenotypes, and pharmacological responses.

Methods and Results: MUSCLEMOTION allowed rapid and easy measurement of movement from high-speed movies in (1) 1-dimensional in vitro models, such as isolated adult and human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes; (2) 2-dimensional in vitro models, such as beating cardiomyocyte monolayers or small clusters of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes; (3) 3-dimensional multicellular in vitro or in vivo contractile tissues, such as cardiac “organoids,” engineered heart tissues, and zebrafish and human hearts. MUSCLEMOTION was effective under different recording conditions (bright-field microscopy with simultaneous patch-clamp recording, phase contrast microscopy, and traction force microscopy). Outcomes were virtually identical to the current gold standards for contraction measurement, such as optical flow, post deflection, edge-detection systems, or manual analyses. Finally, we used the algorithm to quantify contraction in in vitro and in vivo arrhythmia models and to measure pharmacological responses.

Conclusions: Using a single open-source method for processing video recordings, we obtained reliable pharmacological data and measures of cardiac disease phenotype in experimental cell, animal, and human models.

理由：有几种方法可以测量心肌细胞和肌肉收缩，但这些方法需要定制的硬件、昂贵的设备和先进的信息学，或者只能用于单个实验模型。因此，数据和技术难以跨模型和实验室重现，分析耗时，只有专业研究人员才能量化数据。

目的：在这里，我们描述并验证了一种自动化的开源软件工具 (MUSCLEMOTION)，该工具适用于标准实验室和临床成像设备，能够对正常心脏收缩、疾病表型和药理反应进行定量分析。

方法和结果：MUSCLEMOTION 允许在 (1) 1 维体外模型中快速轻松地测量高速电影的运动，例如分离的成人和人类多能干细胞衍生的心肌细胞；(2) 二维体外模型，例如敲打心肌细胞单层或人多能干细胞衍生的心肌细胞小簇；(3) 3 维多细胞体外或体内收缩组织，例如心脏“类器官”、工程心脏组织、斑马鱼和人类心脏。MUSCLEMOTION 在不同的记录条件下是有效的（带同时膜片钳记录的明场显微镜、相差显微镜和牵引力显微镜）。结果几乎与当前收缩测量的黄金标准相同，例如光流、后偏转、边缘检测系统、或人工分析。最后，我们使用该算法来量化体外和体内心律失常模型中的收缩并测量药理反应。

结论：使用单一的开源方法处理视频记录，我们在实验细胞、动物和人体模型中获得了可靠的药理学数据和心脏病表型测量值。