Two major types of aggression, proactive and reactive, are associated with contrasting expression, eliciting factors, neural pathways, development, and function. The distinction is useful for understanding the nature and evolution of human aggression. Compared with many primates, humans have a high propensity for proactive aggression, a trait shared with chimpanzees but not bonobos. By contrast, humans have a low propensity for reactive aggression compared with chimpanzees, and in this respect humans are more bonobo-like. The bimodal classification of human aggression helps solve two important puzzles. First, a long-standing debate about the significance of aggression in human nature is misconceived, because both positions are partly correct. The Hobbes–Huxley position rightly recognizes the high potential for proactive violence, while the Rousseau–Kropotkin position correctly notes the low frequency of reactive aggression. Second, the occurrence of two major types of human aggression solves the execution paradox, concerned with the hypothesized effects of capital punishment on self-domestication in the Pleistocene. The puzzle is that the propensity for aggressive behavior was supposedly reduced as a result of being selected against by capital punishment, but capital punishment is itself an aggressive behavior. Since the aggression used by executioners is proactive, the execution paradox is solved to the extent that the aggressive behavior of which victims were accused was frequently reactive, as has been reported. Both types of killing are important in humans, although proactive killing appears to be typically more frequent in war. The biology of proactive aggression is less well known and merits increased attention.

中文翻译：

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人类进化中的两种攻击行为

攻击性的两种主要类型，主动性和反应性，与对比表达、诱发因素、神经通路、发育和功能相关。这种区别有助于理解人类攻击性的本质和进化。与许多灵长类动物相比，人类有很高的主动攻击倾向，这是黑猩猩共有的特征，但倭黑猩猩却没有。相比之下，与黑猩猩相比，人类的反应性攻击倾向较低，在这方面，人类更像倭黑猩猩。人类攻击行为的双峰分类有助于解决两个重要的难题。首先，关于攻击性在人性中的重要性的长期争论是错误的，因为这两种立场都有部分正确。霍布斯-赫胥黎的立场正确地认识到主动暴力的巨大潜力，而卢梭-克鲁泡特金的立场正确地指出了反应性攻击的低频率。其次，两种主要类型的人类侵略的发生解决了执行悖论，涉及更新世死刑对自我驯化的假设影响。令人困惑的是，攻击行为的倾向据说是由于被死刑选择而减少的，但死刑本身就是一种攻击行为。正如报道所述，由于刽子手使用的攻击行为是主动的，因此处决悖论得到了解决，因为受害者被指控的攻击行为经常是反应性的。这两种类型的杀戮对人类都很重要，尽管主动杀戮在战争中似乎更为频繁。主动攻击的生物学原理不太为人所知，但值得更多关注。