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Cytokine Profiling of Primary Human Macrophages Exposed to Endotoxin‐Free Graphene Oxide: Size‐Independent NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
Advanced Healthcare Materials ( IF 10.0 ) Pub Date : 2017-12-21 , DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700815
Sourav P. Mukherjee 1 , Kostas Kostarelos 2 , Bengt Fadeel 1
Affiliation  

Graphene‐based materials including graphene oxide (GO) are envisioned for a variety of biomedical applications. However, there are conflicting results concerning the biocompatibility of these materials. Here, a question is raised whether GO with small or large lateral dimensions triggers cytotoxicity and/or cytokine responses in primary human monocyte‐derived macrophages. GO sheets produced under sterile conditions by a modified Hummers' method are found to be taken up by macrophages without signs of cytotoxicity. Then, multiplex arrays are used for profiling of proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory responses. Notably, GO suppresses the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐triggered induction of several chemokines and cytokines, including the anti‐inflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐10 (IL‐10). No production of proinflammatory TNF‐α is observed. However, GO elicits caspase‐dependent IL‐1 β expression, a hallmark of inflammasome activation, in LPS‐primed macrophages. Furthermore, GO‐triggered IL‐1 β production requires NADPH oxidase‐generated reactive oxygen species and cellular uptake of GO and is accompanied by cathepsin B release and K+ efflux. Using THP‐1 knockdown cells, a role for the inflammasome sensor, NLRP3, the adaptor protein, ASC, and caspase‐1 for GO‐induced IL‐1β secretion is demonstrated. Finally, these studies show that inflammasome activation is independent of the lateral dimensions of the GO sheets. These studies provide novel insights regarding the immunomodulatory properties of endotoxin‐free GO.

中文翻译:

暴露于无内毒素的氧化石墨烯的人类主要巨噬细胞的细胞因子谱分析:大小独立的NLRP3炎性体激活。

包括氧化石墨烯(GO)在内的基于石墨烯的材料被设想用于各种生物医学应用。但是,关于这些材料的生物相容性有矛盾的结果。在这里,有人提出了一个问题,即横向或横向尺寸较小或较大的GO是否会触发人类单核细胞衍生巨噬细胞的细胞毒性和/或细胞因子反应。发现通过改良的Hummers方法在无菌条件下生产的GO薄片被巨噬细胞吸收,而没有细胞毒性的迹象。然后,将多重阵列用于分析促炎和抗炎反应。值得注意的是,GO抑制了脂多糖(LPS)触发的几种趋化因子和细胞因子的诱导,包括抗炎细胞因子白介素10(IL-10)。不产生促炎性TNF- α被观察到。但是,GO在LPS启动的巨噬细胞中引起caspase依赖的IL- 表达,这是炎性体激活的标志。此外,GO触发的IL-  1β的产生需要NADPH氧化酶生成的活性氧和GO的细胞摄取,并伴有组织蛋白酶B的释放和K +的流出。使用THP-1敲低细胞,证明了炎性体传感器NLRP3,衔接蛋白,ASC和caspase-1在GO诱导的IL- 分泌中发挥了作用。最后,这些研究表明,炎性体的激活与GO片的横向尺寸无关。这些研究为无内毒素的GO的免疫调节特性提供了新颖的见解。
更新日期:2017-12-21
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