Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) contains a variety of polyphenols including anthocyanins and ellagitannins. Red raspberry polyphenols absorbed in different forms (parent compounds, degradants or microbial metabolites) are subject to xenobiotic metabolism in the intestine, liver, and/or kidney, forming methylate, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugated metabolites. Upon acute exposure, (poly)phenol/metabolite presence in the blood depends mainly on intestinal absorption, enterohepatic circulation, and metabolism by resident microbiota. However, chronic exposure to red raspberry polyphenols may alter metabolite patterns depending on adaptions in the xenobiotic machinery and/or microbiota composition. Understanding the metabolic fate of these compounds and their composition in different biological specimens relative to the exposure time/dose will aid in designing future health benefit studies, including the mechanism of action studies. The present exploratory study applied ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometries to characterize red raspberry polyphenols in fruit and then their appearance, including metabolites in human biological samples (plasma, urine and breast milk) after the chronic intake of red raspberries. The results suggested that the most abundant polyphenols in red raspberries included cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, sanguiin H6 and lambertianin C. Sixty-two (poly)phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in the plasma, urine and breast milk samples after the intake of red raspberries. In general, urine contained the highest content of phenolic metabolites; phase II metabolites, particularly sulfated conjugates, were mainly present in urine and breast milk, and breast milk contained fewer parent anthocyanins compared to urine and plasma.

中文翻译：

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人类生物样品中 的红树莓（Rubus idaeus L.）（多）酚/代谢物 的探索性研究

红树莓（悬钩子idaeusL.）包含多种多酚，包括花青素和鞣花单宁。以不同形式（母体化合物，降解物或微生物代谢产物）吸收的红树莓多酚在肠道，肝脏和/或肾脏中经历异源生物代谢，形成甲基化物，葡糖醛酸化物和硫酸盐结合的代谢物。急性暴露后，血液中（多）苯酚/代谢产物的存在主要取决于肠道吸收，肠肝循环和常驻菌群的代谢。但是，长期暴露于红树莓多酚可能会改变代谢物模式，具体取决于异种生物机制和/或微生物群组成。了解这些化合物在不同生物样本中的代谢命运及其相对于暴露时间/剂量的组成，将有助于设计未来的健康益处研究，包括作用机理研究。本探索性研究应用超高效液相色谱（UHPLC）结合四极杆飞行时间（QTOF）和三重四极杆（QQQ）质谱仪来表征水果中的红树莓多酚，然后表征其外观，包括人类生物体内的代谢物长期摄入红树莓后的样本（血浆，尿液和母乳）。结果表明，红树莓中最丰富的多酚包括花青素3- 本探索性研究应用超高效液相色谱（UHPLC）结合四极杆飞行时间（QTOF）和三重四极杆（QQQ）质谱仪来表征水果中的红树莓多酚，然后表征其外观，包括人类生物体内的代谢物长期摄入红树莓后的样本（血浆，尿液和母乳）。结果表明，红树莓中最丰富的多酚包括花青素3- 本探索性研究应用超高效液相色谱（UHPLC）结合四极杆飞行时间（QTOF）和三重四极杆（QQQ）质谱仪来表征水果中的红树莓多酚，然后表征其外观，包括人类生物体内的代谢物长期摄入红树莓后的样本（血浆，尿液和母乳）。结果表明，红树莓中最丰富的多酚包括花青素3-O-槐糖苷，花青素3- O-葡萄糖苷，血红素H6和LambertianinC。在摄入红树莓后，在血浆，尿液和母乳样品中初步鉴定出62种（多）酚类化合物。通常，尿液中酚类代谢物的含量最高。II期代谢物，特别是硫酸盐结合物，主要存在于尿液和母乳中，与尿液和血浆相比，母乳中的母体花色苷含量较低。