Graphene is a fascinating material with unique properties, such as extreme mechanical strength, ultrahigh electrical and thermal conductivities and remarkable transparency. Further reduction in the dimensionality of graphene in the form of graphene quantum dots and graphene nanoribbons has compensated for the lack of a bandgap in the extended 2D material. These nanoscale graphenes exhibit finite bandgaps because of quantum confinement, making them attractive as next-generation semiconductors. Numerous fabrication methods for various types of graphenes have been developed, which can generally be categorized into ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ procedures. These methods afford, on different production scales, a wide range of graphene structures of different sizes, shapes and quality (defect density, edge roughness and so on). Atomically precise syntheses are indispensable for fundamental research and future technological development, but the projection of the existing methods to cost-effective bulk-scale fabrication techniques is required for upcoming industrial applications of graphenes.

石墨烯是一种具有独特性能的引人入胜的材料，例如极高的机械强度，超高的电导率和导热率以及出色的透明度。石墨烯量子点和石墨烯纳米带形式的石墨烯尺寸的进一步减小已经补偿了扩展的2D材料中带隙的缺乏。这些纳米级石墨烯由于量子限制而表现出有限的带隙，使其作为下一代半导体具有吸引力。已经开发了用于各种类型的石墨烯的许多制造方法，这些制造方法通常可以分为“自上而下”和“自下而上”的过程。这些方法在不同的生产规模上提供了各种尺寸，形状和质量（缺陷密度，边缘粗糙度等）不同的石墨烯结构。