Phthalate esters are substances mainly used as plasticizers in various applications. Some have been restricted and phased out due to their adverse health effects and ubiquitous presence, leading to the introduction of alternative plasticizers, such as DINCH. Using a comprehensive dataset from a Norwegian study population, human exposure to DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, DPHP and DINCH was assessed by measuring their presence in external exposure media, allowing an estimation of the total intake, as well as the relative importance of different uptake pathways. Intake via different uptake routes, in particular inhalation, dermal absorption, and oral uptake was estimated and total intake based on all uptake pathways was compared to the calculated intake from biomonitoring data. Hand wipe results were used to determine dermal uptake and compared to other exposure sources such as air, dust and personal care products. Results showed that the calculated total intakes were similar, but slightly higher than those based on biomonitoring methods by 1.1 to 3 times (median), indicating a good understanding of important uptake pathways. The relative importance of different uptake pathways was comparable to other studies, where inhalation was important for lower molecular weight phthalates, and negligible for the higher molecular weight phthalates and DINCH. Dietary intake was the predominant exposure route for all analyzed substances. Dermal uptake based on hand wipes was much lower (median up to 2000 times) than the total dermal uptake via air, dust and personal care products. Still, dermal uptake is not a well-studied exposure pathway and several research gaps (e.g. absorption fractions) remain. Based on calculated intakes, the exposure for the Norwegian participants to the phthalates and DINCH was lower than health based limit values. Nevertheless, exposure to alternative plasticizers, such as DPHP and DINCH, is expected to increase in the future and continuous monitoring is required.

邻苯二甲酸酯是主要在各种应用中用作增塑剂的物质。由于它们对健康的不利影响和普遍存在，某些产品已被限制和淘汰，从而导致引入替代增塑剂，例如DINCH。使用来自挪威研究人群的综合数据集，通过测量其在外部暴露介质中的存在来评估人类对DMP，DEP，DnBP，DiBP，BBzP，DEHP，DINP，DIDP，DPHP和DINCH的暴露，从而估算总摄入量，以及不同摄取途径的相对重要性。通过不同的吸收途径，尤其是吸入，皮肤吸收和口服吸收，估计摄入量，并将基于所有吸收途径的总摄入量与根据生物监测数据计算出的摄入量进行比较。用手擦拭的结果用于确定皮肤吸收量，并与其他暴露源（例如空气，灰尘和个人护理产品）进行比较。结果表明，计算出的总摄入量相似，但比基于生物监测方法的总摄入量略高1.1到3倍（中值），表明对重要的摄入途径有很好的了解。不同吸收途径的相对重要性可与其他研究相媲美，在其他研究中，吸入对于较低分子量的邻苯二甲酸酯很重要，而对于较高分子量的邻苯二甲酸酯和DINCH则可忽略不计。饮食摄入是所有分析物质的主要暴露途径。基于手巾的皮肤吸收要比通过空气，灰尘和个人护理产品吸收的皮肤要低得多（中位数最多可达200​​0倍）。仍然，皮肤吸收不是一个经过充分研究的接触途径，并且仍然存在一些研究空白（例如吸收率）。根据计算的摄入量，挪威参与者对邻苯二甲酸盐和DINCH的暴露低于基于健康的限值。然而，预计将来会增加对替代增塑剂（例如DPHP和DINCH）的暴露，因此需要进行连续监测。