Abstract It is unclear whether the responses of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can measure how people respond to food. Results focused on emotional responses are contradictory; therefore, the focus has shifted to other components of emotion, such as appraisals. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the differences in ANS responses related to appraisals; particularly taste novelty, valence, and the disconfirmation of expectations. A hundred and fifty-five participants joined this study. They tasted samples of different valence (sweet and bitter) twice: the first time without knowing the taste and the second while being informed of the taste. After this first block, participants tasted two additional samples: one that confirmed expectations and one that disconfirmed them. Heart rate and skin conductance were measured. Results show that the second experience with a taste led to cardiac deceleration. Heart rate changes were only related to valence when participants’ expectations were (dis)confirmed. Heart rate decreased for those tastes that disconfirmed expectations and increased for those that confirmed them and the sweet sample had larger increases in heart rate than the bitter. Skin conductance changed in regards to novelty and valence but not to the disconfirmation of expectations. It increased for the bitter sample, decreased for the sweet, and was always higher during the first experience than during the second. In conclusion, the results suggest that cardiac responses are more sensitive to novelty and the disconfirmation of expectations while skin conductance responses capture novelty and valence.

中文翻译：

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心率和皮肤电导对味觉、味觉新奇性和预期的（否定）确认的反应

摘要 目前尚不清楚自主神经系统 (ANS) 的反应是否可以衡量人们对食物的反应。专注于情绪反应的结果是矛盾的；因此，重点已经转移到情绪的其他组成部分，例如评估。因此，本研究的目的是评估与评估相关的 ANS 反应的差异；特别是品味新奇、效价和期望的否定。一百五十五名参与者参加了这项研究。他们尝了两次不同价（甜和苦）的样品：第一次不知道味道，第二次知道味道。在第一块之后，参与者品尝了另外两种样品：一种证实了预期，另一种则否定了它们。测量心率和皮肤电导。结果表明，第二次尝到味道会导致心脏减速。当参与者的期望被（否定）确认时，心率变化仅与效价相关。那些不符合预期的口味的心率会降低，而那些符合预期的口味会增加，而且甜味样品的心率增幅大于苦味。皮肤电导在新颖性和价态方面发生了变化，但在预期的不确定性方面没有发生变化。苦味样品增加，甜味减少，并且在第一次体验期间总是高于在第二次体验期间。总之，结果表明心脏反应对新奇和预期的否定更敏感，而皮肤电导反应则捕捉新奇和效价。