Metabolomics and lipidomics generally targets a huge number of intermediate and end products of cellular metabolism in body fluids, tissues, and cells etc. At present, mass spectrometry (MS) based metabolic or lipid profiling of routine biological specimens including the whole cells, tissues, plasma, serum and urine etc., can cover hundreds of metabolites or lipid species in one analysis, which has qualified deep elucidation of global metabolic and lipid networks. Mitochondria are important intracellular organelles and many critical biochemical reactions occur here, they provide building block for new cells, control redox balance, participate in apoptosis and behave as a signalling platform. Evidence suggests high prevalence of mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in a variety of cancers and other diseases, thus there is an urgent demand for investigating and clarifying mitochondrial metabolic and lipid alterations induced by diseases. Nevertheless, mitochondria contribute a small fraction to cellular contents, profiling of whole cell is probably unsuitable for monitoring alterations in mitochondria. Therefore, metabolomics and lipidomics analyses specially for mitochondria are necessary to understand disturbed metabolic and lipid pathways induced by environment and diseases. However, methods for comprehensively profiling metabolites and lipids in mitochondria have been limited at present. This review summarizes the current states and progress of MS-based mitochondrial metabolomics and lipidomics study. Details of mitochondrial isolation procedure, analytical methods and their applications are described. The challenges and opportunities are also given.

中文翻译：

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使用质谱法进行线粒体代谢组学和脂质组学的最新进展 - 综述

代谢组学和脂质组学通常针对体液、组织和细胞等中大量细胞代谢的中间和终产物。目前，基于质谱 (MS) 的常规生物标本包括全细胞、组织、血浆、血清和尿液等，一次分析可涵盖数百种代谢物或脂质种类，足以深入阐明全球代谢和脂质网络。线粒体是重要的细胞内细胞器，许多关键的生化反应在这里发生，它们为新细胞提供构建块，控制氧化还原平衡，参与细胞凋亡并充当信号平台。有证据表明，线粒体功能障碍在多种癌症和其他疾病中发生率很高，因此，迫切需要研究和阐明疾病引起的线粒体代谢和脂质变化。然而，线粒体对细胞内容的贡献很小，整个细胞的分析可能不适合监测线粒体的变化。因此，专门针对线粒体的代谢组学和脂质组学分析对于了解环境和疾病引起的代谢和脂质途径紊乱是必要的。然而，目前全面分析线粒体中代谢物和脂质的方法受到限制。本综述总结了基于 MS 的线粒体代谢组学和脂质组学研究的现状和进展。描述了线粒体分离程序、分析方法及其应用的细节。