Abstract Israel and South Korea have both achieved rapid economic growth since their post-war establishment, and among the common challenges that the two countries have faced is a conspicuous lack of domestic oil supplies. Although this chronic energy scarcity has not impeded the economic trajectory of either country, it has influenced their industrial structures in strikingly different ways – with Korea nevertheless developing a vast energy-intensive manufacturing sector, while Israel has largely relied on its service sector to support a growing consumer society. While different in industrial structure, however, the two economies have been connected by intensive trade relations, meaning that energy is consumed in one country for the production of goods used in the other. In order to examine the economic and environmental implications of the two economies' structural divergence and bilateral trade relations, we use economic input-output analysis to track the life cycle (LC) energy consumption of passenger cars – a product which has significant environmental impact due to energy consumption in both its production and use stages – which were manufactured in Korea and exported to Israel during the period of 1997–2011. Our findings show that while most of the LC energy consumption of the vehicles occurs in Israel where the vehicle operation takes place, this does not mean that Israel's “avoided energy” by importing the Korean cars is insignificant. The embodied energy of vehicles traded in 2011 reached 3179 TJ, exceeding the amount of energy used by Israel's entire on-site building construction sector over the same period. If the Israeli economy had hypothetically developed its own auto manufacturing industry including secondary suppliers to meet domestic demand as well as exports – as was done in Korea – the energy consumption in those industries would be equivalent to about half of the current energy use by Israel's entire industrial sector.

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能源经济关系的生命周期评估：以色列和韩国的案例

摘要 以色列和韩国自战后建国以来都实现了快速的经济增长，两国面临的共同挑战之一是国内石油供应明显不足。尽管这种长期的能源短缺并没有阻碍这两个国家的经济发展轨迹，但它以截然不同的方式影响了它们的产业结构——尽管如此，韩国发展了庞大的能源密集型制造业，而以色列则主要依靠其服务业来支持日益增长的消费社会。然而，虽然产业结构不同，这两个经济体通过密集的贸易关系联系在一起，这意味着一国消耗能源来生产另一国使用的商品。为了研究两国经济结构性差异和双边贸易关系对经济和环境的影响，我们使用经济投入产出分析来跟踪乘用车的生命周期 (LC) 能源消耗——这是一种对环境产生重大影响的产品。 1997 年至 2011 年期间在韩国制造并出口到以色列的生产和使用阶段的能源消耗。我们的研究结果表明，虽然车辆的大部分LC能源消耗发生在车辆运营的以色列，但这并不意味着以色列通过进口韩国汽车“避免的能源”是微不足道的。2011年交易车辆的隐含能源达到3179太焦，超过以色列的能源使用量 同期整个现场建筑施工部门。如果以色列经济假设发展自己的汽车制造业，包括二级供应商以满足国内需求和出口——就像韩国所做的那样——这些行业的能源消耗将相当于以色列整个当前能源使用量的一半左右。工业部门。