Sleep homeostasis and circadian function are important maintaining factors for optimal health and well-being. Conversely, sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in a variety of adverse health outcomes, including substance use disorders. These risks are particularly salient during adolescence. Adolescents require 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night, although few consistently achieve these durations. A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep. Homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build, circadian rhythms naturally become delayed, and sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases, all of which lead to an evening preference (i.e., chronotype) during adolescence. In addition, school start times are often earlier in adolescence and the use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet lag). Social factors (e.g., peer influence) and school demands further impact sleep and circadian rhythms. To cope with sleepiness, many teens regularly consume highly caffeinated energy drinks and other stimulants, creating further disruptions in sleep. Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies toward increased reward sensitivity and impulsivity, increasing the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors and exacerbating the vulnerability to substance use and substance use disorders. We review the neurobiology of brain reward systems and the impact of sleep and circadian rhythms changes on addiction vulnerability in adolescence and suggest areas that warrant additional research.

中文翻译：

---

睡眠和昼夜节律对青少年成瘾易感性的影响

睡眠稳态和昼夜节律功能是维持最佳健康和幸福的重要因素。相反，睡眠和昼夜节律紊乱与各种不良健康结果有关，包括物质使用障碍。这些风险在青春期尤为突出。青少年每晚需要 8 至 10 小时的睡眠，但很少有人能始终如一地达到这些持续时间。发育变化与社会/环境需求之间的不匹配导致睡眠不足。稳态睡眠驱动需要更长的时间来建立，昼夜节律自然会延迟，并且对光的相移效应的敏感性增加，所有这些都会导致青春期的夜间偏好（即时间型）。此外，青春期的上学时间通常较早，夜间电子设备的使用增加，导致睡眠中断和昼夜节律失调（即社交时差）。社会因素（例如，同伴影响）和学校要求进一步影响睡眠和昼夜节律。为了应对困倦，许多青少年经常饮用含咖啡因含量高的能量饮料和其他兴奋剂，进一步扰乱睡眠。慢性睡眠不足和昼夜节律失调增强了奖励敏感性和冲动性增加的发展趋势，增加了从事危险行为的可能性，并加剧了物质使用和物质使用障碍的脆弱性。