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Chemical and electrochemical conditions within stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue cracks
npj Materials Degradation ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2017-10-16 , DOI: 10.1038/s41529-017-0015-0
Leslie G. Bland , Jenifer S. Locke

In the area of environment assisted cracking, literature aimed at understanding the chemical and electrochemical conditions at/near the crack tip establishes that the crack tip is occluded and not well represented by bulk conditions. A review of the relevant literature, both modeling and experimental, is presented here and shows that crack tip conditions are determined by the balance between high metal ion concentrations resulting from crack tip anodic reactions and subsequent hydrolysis, mass transport (including ion migration, diffusion, and advection), and electrochemical polarization of the bold surface, which determines the extent of anodic and cathodic reactions occurring in the crack environment. Under both freely corroding conditions and anodic polarizations, the crack tip pH decreases with increasing polarization above the freely corroding condition, most often leading to a very acidic crack environment. Under sufficient cathodic polarization, the crack tip pH increases. Because of high-anion and -cation concentrations in the crack environment, an IR drop down the crack exists, leaving the crack tip relatively unpolarizable. Ion migration enhances the occluded nature of the crack tip by supplying anions from the bulk solution to maintain electroneutrality at the crack tip. Diffusion to counteract this concentration gradient is minimal and only plays a role in crack tip conditions at very small crack lengths. When cyclic loading conditions are encountered, the occluded nature of the crack tip can be counteracted by advection; although, the role decreases with decreasing f and increasing R, essentially as corrosion fatigue conditions approach those of stress corrosion cracking.



中文翻译:

应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳裂纹内的化学和电化学条件

在环境辅助开裂领域中,旨在理解裂纹尖端处/附近的化学和电化学条件的文献建立了裂纹尖端被阻塞并且不能很好地表示为松散条件的问题。这里介绍了相关文献,包括建模和实验资料,它们表明裂纹尖端的条件是由裂纹尖端阳极反应产生的高金属离子浓度与随后的水解,传质(包括离子迁移,扩散,和平流)以及粗体表面的电化学极化,这决定了裂纹环境中发生的阳极和阴极反应的程度。在自由腐蚀和阳极极化的情况下,裂纹尖端的pH值随着在自由腐蚀条件下极化的增加而降低,通常会导致非常酸性的裂纹环境。在足够的阴极极化下,裂纹尖端的pH值增加。由于裂纹环境中阴离子和阳离子的浓度较高,因此IR降低了裂纹的存在,使裂纹尖端相对不可极化。离子迁移通过从整体溶液中提供阴离子来保持裂纹尖端的电子中性,从而增强了裂纹尖端的封闭特性。用以抵消该浓度梯度的扩散很小,并且仅在很小的裂纹长度下才在裂纹尖端条件下起作用。当遇到循环载荷条件时,裂纹尖端的闭塞特性可以通过对流来抵消;反之亦然。虽然,角色随着减少而减少 最经常导致非常酸性的裂缝环境。在足够的阴极极化下,裂纹尖端的pH值增加。由于裂纹环境中阴离子和阳离子的浓度较高,因此IR降低了裂纹的存在,使裂纹尖端相对不可极化。离子迁移通过从整体溶液中提供阴离子来保持裂纹尖端的电子中性,从而增强了裂纹尖端的封闭特性。用以抵消该浓度梯度的扩散很小,并且仅在很小的裂纹长度下才在裂纹尖端条件下起作用。当遇到循环载荷条件时,裂纹尖端的闭塞特性可以通过对流来抵消;反之亦然。虽然,角色随着减少而减少 最经常导致非常酸性的裂缝环境。在足够的阴极极化下,裂纹尖端的pH值增加。由于裂纹环境中阴离子和阳离子的浓度较高,因此IR降低了裂纹的存在,使裂纹尖端相对不可极化。离子迁移通过从整体溶液中提供阴离子来保持裂纹尖端的电子中性,从而增强了裂纹尖端的封闭特性。用以抵消该浓度梯度的扩散很小,并且仅在很小的裂纹长度下才在裂纹尖端条件下起作用。当遇到循环载荷条件时,裂纹尖端的闭塞特性可以通过对流来抵消;反之亦然。虽然,角色随着减少而减少 由于裂纹环境中阴离子和阳离子的浓度较高,因此IR降低了裂纹的存在,使裂纹尖端相对不可极化。离子迁移通过从整体溶液中提供阴离子来保持裂纹尖端的电子中性,从而增强了裂纹尖端的封闭特性。用以抵消该浓度梯度的扩散很小,并且仅在很小的裂纹长度下才在裂纹尖端条件下起作用。当遇到循环载荷条件时,裂纹尖端的闭塞特性可以通过对流来抵消;反之亦然。虽然,角色随着减少而减少 由于裂纹环境中阴离子和阳离子的浓度较高,因此IR降低了裂纹的存在,使裂纹尖端相对不可极化。离子迁移通过从整体溶液中提供阴离子来保持裂纹尖端的电子中性,从而增强了裂纹尖端的封闭特性。用以抵消该浓度梯度的扩散很小,并且仅在很小的裂纹长度下才在裂纹尖端条件下起作用。当遇到循环载荷条件时,裂纹尖端的闭塞特性可以通过对流来抵消;反之亦然。虽然,角色随着减少而减少 离子迁移通过从整体溶液中提供阴离子来保持裂纹尖端的电子中性,从而增强了裂纹尖端的封闭特性。用以抵消该浓度梯度的扩散很小,并且仅在很小的裂纹长度下才在裂纹尖端条件下起作用。当遇到循环载荷条件时,裂纹尖端的闭塞特性可以通过对流来抵消;反之亦然。虽然,角色随着减少而减少 离子迁移通过从整体溶液中提供阴离子来保持裂纹尖端的电子中性,从而增强了裂纹尖端的封闭特性。用以抵消该浓度梯度的扩散很小,并且仅在很小的裂纹长度下才在裂纹尖端条件下起作用。当遇到循环载荷条件时,裂纹尖端的闭塞特性可以通过对流来抵消;反之亦然。虽然,角色随着减少而减少f和R的增加,基本上是因为腐蚀疲劳条件接近应力腐蚀开裂的条件。

更新日期:2017-12-14
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